Moghol language
Template:Short description Template:Infobox language Moghol (or Mogholi; Template:Langx) is a critically endangered and possibly extinct Mongolic language spoken in the province of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the Mongol army of Genghis Khan who conquered Afghanistan (then part of the Khwarazmian Empire) in the 13th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language,<ref name=Weiers>Weiers, Michael. 2003. "Moghol," The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248–264.</ref> and it is listed as dormant by Ethnologue.<ref name="e18">Template:Cite web</ref>
The language has been strongly influenced by Persian in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian creole language".<ref name=Weiers/>
Phonology
Moghol's phonology is influenced by Persian. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: Template:IPA.<ref name="Weiers" />
/ɦ/ may range between voiced [ɦ] and voiceless [h].
Script
Historically, the Moghol language was written using the Perso-Arabic script.<ref>Mogholi alphabet is in Omniglot shown: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mogholi.htm</ref> Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| ح | چ | ج | ث | ت | پ | ب | ا |
| ش | س | ژ | ز | ر | ذ | د | خ |
| ق | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص |
| ی | و | ه | ن | م | ل | گ | ک |
Grammar
Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.
Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mood. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -tar and -tariin, but not for number and case.
Vocabulary
Pronouns
The Moghol personal pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
| person | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | Template:Lang | Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang (inclusive); Template:Lang (exclusive) |
| 2nd | Template:Lang | tå ~ tåd |
| 3rd | i ~ ih | tid ~ tit |
The demonstrative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
- Template:Lang ~ Template:Lang ‘this’
- inat ~ enad ‘these’
- mun ~ munah ‘that’
- munat ~ mutah ~ mutat ‘those’
The interrogative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
- emah ~ imah ~ imas ‘what’
- ken ~ kiyan ‘who’
- kenaiki ‘whose’
- emadu ~ imadu ~ emaji ~ imaji ~ emagalah ‘why’
- emaula- ‘to do what’
- ked ~ keddu ‘how much’
- keja ‘when’
- oshtin ‘how’
The reflexive pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
- Template:Lang ‘self’
- Template:Lang ‘for oneself’
- Template:Lang ‘self’
Numerals
The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):
| English gloss | Moghol<ref name=Weiers/> | Proto-Mongolic<ref>Janhunen, Juha. 2003. The Mongolic Languages, p.16. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.</ref> | Modern Mongolian | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | nikah ~ nika/n | *nike/n | neg |
| 2 | two | qeyår ~ qiar | *koxar ~ *koyar | khoyor |
| 3 | three | ghorbån ~ qurban | *gurba/n | gurav |
| 4 | four | dorbån ~ durba/n | *dörbe/n | döröv |
| 5 | five | tåbun ~ tabun | *tabu/n | tav |
| 6 | six | åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish | *jirguxa/n | zurgaa |
| 7 | seven | dålån ~ húft | *doluxa/n | doloo |
| 8 | eight | sålån ~ húshtu | *na(y)ima/n | naym |
| 9 | nine | tåsån ~ no | *yersü/n | yös |
| 10 | ten | arbån ~ arban ~ dá | *xarba/n | arav |
Sample
Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir.
|
Weiers' Moghol text: |
English translation from Weiers' German: |
Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):
|
Weiers' Moghol text: |
English translation from Weiers' German: |
See also
Notes
Further reading
- G. J. Ramstedt. 1906. "Mogholica. Beiträge zur kenntnis der moghol-sprache in Afghanistan." JSFOu 23-4.
- Louis Ligeti. 1954. "Le lexique moghol de R. Leech," AOH 4.
- Л. Лигети. 1954. "О монгольских и тюркиских языках и диалектах Афганистана," AOH 4.
- Sh. Iwamura and H. F. Schurmann. 1954. "Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan," Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-Kagaku-Kenkyusyo, Kyoto University. Kyoto University.
- Shinobu Iwamura. 1961. The Zirni Manuscript: A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar. Kyoto University.
- H. F. Schurmann. 1962. The Moghols of Afghanistan. Mouton & Co.
- Michael Weiers. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (Sprachmaterial, Grammatik, Wortliste). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.