Mohel
Template:Short description Template:Italic title A Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx Template:IPA, Ashkenazi pronunciation Template:IPA, plural: Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Template:IPA, Template:Langx Template:Transliteration, 'circumciser') is a Jewish man<ref>Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De’ah 264:1</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> trained in the practice of Template:Transliteration, the 'covenant of male circumcision'.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A woman who is trained in the practice is referred to as a mohelet (Template:Plural form).
Etymology
The noun Template:Transliteration (Template:Transliteration in Aramaic), meaning "circumciser", is derived from the same verb stem as Template:Transliteration (circumcision).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The noun appeared for the first time in the 4th century as the title of a circumciser (Shabbat (Talmud) 156a).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Origins of circumcision in Judaism
Template:Main For Jews, male circumcision is mandatory, as it is prescribed in the Torah. In the Book of Genesis, it is described as a mark of the covenant of the pieces between Yahweh and the descendants of Abraham: Template:Blockquote
In Leviticus: Template:Blockquote
Functions
Biblically, the infant's father (Template:Transliteration) is commanded to perform the circumcision himself.Template:Citation needed However, as most fathers are not comfortable or do not have the training, they designate a Template:Transliteration or Template:Transliteration. Template:Transliteration are specially trained in circumcision and the rituals surrounding the procedure. Many Template:Transliteration are doctors or rabbis (some are both) or cantors, and today are required to receive appropriate training, both religious and medical.
Traditionally, Template:Transliteration use a scalpel to circumcise the newborn. Today, doctors and some non-Orthodox Template:Transliteration use a perforating clamp before they cut the skin. The clamp makes it easier to be precise and shortens recovery time. Orthodox Template:Transliteration have rejected perforating clamps, arguing that by crushing and killing the skin it causes a great amount of unnecessary pain to the newborn, cutting off the blood flow completely, which according to Jewish law is dangerous to the child and strictly forbidden, and also renders the Template:Transliteration (foreskin) as cut prior to the proper ritual cut.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
[[File:Mohelbuch.jpg|thumb|[[Mohel book|Template:Transliteration book]] from Hegenheim (F), dated between 1805 and 1849. Today in the Jewish Museum of Switzerland's collection.]] Under Jewish law, Template:Transliteration must draw blood from the circumcision wound. Most Template:Transliteration do it by hand with a suction device,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Rabbi probed for circumcised infants' herpes, nbcnews.com, 2 February 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2015.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but some follow the traditional practice of doing it by mouth. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a warning in 2012 about the health implications of the latter practice, citing eleven cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) and two recorded fatalities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2013 review of cases of neonatal HSV infections in Israel identified ritual circumcision as the source of HSV-1 transmission in 31.8% of the cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Many Template:Transliteration continue the practice of listing the names and birthdates of the boys they circumcise in little booklets. These books have become important documents for genealogical scholarship. Increasingly, these notes on circumcision are being digitized.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Women
According to traditional Jewish law, if no Jewish male expert is available, a Jewish woman who has the required skills is also authorized to perform the circumcision.<ref>Talmud Avodah Zarah 27a; Menachot 42a; Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, Milah, 2:1; Shulkhan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah, 264:1</ref> Non-Orthodox Judaism allows women to be Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang, plural of Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration, feminine of Template:Transliteration), without restriction. In 1984, Deborah Cohen became the first Reform Jewish Template:Transliteration to be certified (by the Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In popular culture
- In the popular sitcom Seinfeld, a Template:Transliteration played by Charles Levin appears in the episode The Bris.
- In the parody film Robin Hood: Men in Tights, Rabbi Tuckman (a parody of Friar Tuck, played by Mel Brooks) serves as Nottingham's "mohel extraordinaire" using a miniature guillotine.
- "Weird Al" Yankovic's song Pretty Fly for a Rabbi, a parody of Pretty Fly (For a White Guy), contains the line "The parents pay the mohel and he gets to keep the tip!"
- In the Rugrats Hanukkah episode, the characters walk through the town center of ancient Israel past a shop titled Template:Transliteration advertising a "cut rate"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Philip Sherman, one of the most prolific mohalim in the United States, was called America's Top Mohel" and "the busiest mohel in New York" in national and regional media<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>