Mount Tarawera
Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox mountain
Mount Tarawera is a volcano on the North Island of New Zealand within the older but volcanically productive Ōkataina Caldera. Located 24 kilometres southeast of Rotorua, it consists of a series of rhyolitic lava domes that were fissured down the middle by an explosive basaltic eruption in 1886. While the 1886 eruption was basaltic, study has shown there was only a small basalt component to the previous recent rhyolitic predominant eruptions.<ref name="Shane2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> This eruption was one of New Zealand's largest historical eruptions, and killed an estimated 120 people. The fissures run for about Template:Convert northeast–southwest.
The volcano's component domes include Ruawahia Dome (the highest at 1,111 metres), Tarawera Dome and Wahanga Dome. It is surrounded by several lakes, most of which were created or drastically altered by the 1886 eruption. These include Lakes Tarawera, Rotomahana, Rerewhakaaitu, Ōkataina, Ōkareka, Tikitapu / Blue and Rotokākahi / Green. The Tarawera River runs northeastwards across the northern flank of the mountain from Lake Tarawera.
In 2000, the mountain was ceded to the Ngāti Rangitihi sub-tribe of Te Arawa. In 2002, the group and their lessee stopped previously free public access to the mountain. This decision caused angst among Rotorua residents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History
Ōkareka eruption
The eruption that generated the Ōkareka Tephra has been dated to 23,535 ± 300 years before the present.<ref name="Lowe2023">Template:Cite web</ref> It had a tephra volume of about Template:Convert but may be less, generated in days or weeks at the most.<ref name="Darragh2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> The associated eruption mountain building appears to have been at both ends of the complex and includes present features at the eastern end such as the Rotomahana Dome (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) and Patiti Island (peak is Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/> high) which is in the middle of Lake Rotomahana. Lava fields at the western end came from sources most likely buried in the Waiohau eruption, have a volume of at least Template:Convert,<ref name="Darragh2004">Template:Cite thesis</ref> and would have taken several years to form.<ref name="Darragh2006"/> The Ōkareka Embayment is a separate, but adjacent volcanic structure in the Ōkataina Caldera responsible for the Rotorua Tephra.
Rerewhakaaitu eruption
The Rerewhakaaitu eruption has been recently re-dated forward to 17,496 ± 462 years ago,<ref name="Lowe2023"/> at about the time of the last glacial termination, with a tephra volume of about Template:Convert.<ref name="Darragh2006"/> Other historic sources suggested a higher volume. It involved three rhyolite magmas with a total volume of about Template:Convert with the Rerewhakaaitu Tephra having 15 rhyolitic fall units.<ref name="Darragh2006"/> The Southern (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) and Western (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) Domes were formed at this time and the lava excursion of Template:Convert<ref name="Darragh2004"/> again lasted for several years after the much shorter tephra phase of the eruption.<ref name="Darragh2006"/>
Waiohau eruption
The Waiohau eruption occurred 14,009 ± 155 years ago (recently re-dated backward).<ref name="Lowe2023"/><ref name="Shane2007"/> The Kanakana (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) and Eastern (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) Domes were formed.<ref name="Darragh2006"/> The estimated total volume of the fifteen or more Waiohau Tephra eruptions and some lava is Template:Convert.<ref name="speed2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> During one of the eruptions structural collapse of the then mountain occurred.<ref name="speed2001"/>
Kaharoa eruption
Mount Tarawera erupted 1314±12 CE<ref name="Berryman2022">Template:Cite journal</ref> in the Kaharoa eruption.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lowe2023"/> This was just a few years after the first Māori settlement about 1280 CE<ref name="Lowe2019">Template:Cite web</ref> although more widespread settlement is now believed to have not taken place until 1320 to 1350 AD.<ref name="Lowe2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Plinian phase of this eruption consisted of 11 discrete episodes of VEI 4<ref name="Bonadonna 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> although there are possibly two more discrete sub-Plinian phases in a two-stage eruption from at least two different vents along a Template:Convert long fissure.<ref name="Sahetapy-Engel2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> The total dense rock equivalent (DRE) was at least Template:Convert.<ref name="Sahetapy-Engel2014"/> It distributed the Kaharoa Tephra, very low in the essential mineral cobalt (lack of cobalt is a factor in New Zealand bush sickness), from the east coast of the Northland Peninsula, down the Coromandel Peninsula and through beyond Tarawera to northern Hawke Bay at the Māhia Peninsula.<ref name="Lowe2019"/> The total volume of material erupted was more than 5 times that of the 1886 eruption<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and has been stated to be at least Template:Convert of tephra.<ref name="Sahetapy-Engel2014"/> The Ruawahia (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>), Tarawera(Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>), Wahanga (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) and Crater (Template:Convert<ref name="NZtopMap"/>) Domes were formed.<ref name="Darragh2006"/>
1886 eruption
Template:Main Shortly after midnight on the morning of 10 June 1886, a series of more than 30 increasingly strong earthquakes were felt in the Rotorua area<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and by 2:45 am Mount Tarawera's three peaks had erupted, blasting three distinct columns of smoke and ash thousands of metres into the sky<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At around 3.30 am, the largest phase of the eruption commenced; vents at Rotomahana produced a pyroclastic surge that destroyed several villages within a 6 kilometer radius, and the Pink and White Terraces appeared to be obliterated.<ref>Nairn, I. and Houghton, B. F. (1986) "Tarawera- the 1886 eruption" in Perry, J. F. (Ed.) Tarawera Eruption Centennial Exhibition 1886–1986, Rotorua District Council, Rotorua, 204.</ref> Recent research using mathematical modelling of events during the later Rotomahana eruption phase, is consistent with eyewitness accounts; describing it resembling a pot boiling over.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Settlements inhabited by Ngāti Rangitihi and Tūhourangi around the Ariki arm of Lake Tarawera, including Moura, Koutu, Kokotaia, Piripai, Pukekiore and Otuapane, Tapahoro, Te Wairoa, Totarariki, and Waingongoro, were buried or destroyed. Of these, Te Wairoa is now a tourist attraction and is described as the "buried village". The official death toll was reported as 153, and many more were displaced, making the eruption the most deadly in New Zealand history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Keam R. F. and Lloyd, E. F. (2016) "Post-1886-eruption Rotomahana hot springs" GOSA Transactions, 13, 39</ref>
The eruption was also believed to have destroyed the world-famous Pink and White Terraces. However, 125 years after the eruption a small portion of the Pink Terraces was reportedly rediscovered under Lake Rotomahana.<ref name="NBR_84968">Template:Cite news</ref> This was due to the discovery of a previously unknown 1859 survey of Lake Rotomahana by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, which was deciphered and published between 2016 and 2019. This unique primary data indicate the Pink, Black and White Terrace locations now lie along the present lake shores. There is a prospect the terraces or sections of them, may lie buried, and as a result the terraces can no longer be assumed destroyed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The phantom waka
One legend<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> surrounding the 1886 eruption is that of the phantom waka (canoe). Eleven days before the eruption, a boat full of tourists returning from the Terraces saw what appeared to be a waka approach their boat, only to disappear in the mist half a mile from them. One of the witnesses was a clergyman, a local Maori man from the Te Arawa iwi. Nobody around the lake owned such a war canoe, and nothing like it had been seen on the lake for many years. It is possible that the rise and fall of the lake level caused by pre-eruption fissures had freed a burial waka from its resting place. Traditionally, the dead were tied in an upright position. A number of letters have been published from the tourists who experienced the event.
Though skeptics maintained that it was a freak reflection seen on the mist, tribal elders at Te Wairoa claimed that it was a waka wairua (spirit canoe) and was a portent of doom. It has been suggested that the waka was actually a freak wave on the water, caused by seismic activity below the lake, but locals believe that a future eruption will be signalled by the reappearance of the waka. Template:Citation neededTemplate:Clear
Geology
Template:Maplink It is within the Ōkataina Caldera of the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre in the central segment of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. This rhyolitic segment is dominated by explosive caldera.<ref name="Seebeck2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> The actual basaltic dyke of the 1886 eruption is Template:Convert long and extends from the eruptive fissure of Mount Tarawera to Lake Rotomahana and has a remnant hydrothermal hot spot in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley.<ref name="Berryman2022"/> The dyke and linear line of vents align with the Taupō Rift at this point.<ref name="Seebeck2014"/>
Gallery
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View from the north
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View from the northeast
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Close up of one chasm
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Southwest side
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Satellite view of Lake Rotorua; Mount Tarawera is in the lower right corner
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Mount Tarawera standing behind Lake Tarawera
See also
- List of mountains of New Zealand by height
- List of volcanoes in New Zealand
- Volcanism of New Zealand