Muesli
Muesli (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) is a cold Swiss dish that has become a common breakfast cereal prepared without cooking. Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,<ref name="Bircher" /> in Switzerland, it is also consumed for supper as Template:Langx, i.e., muesli with Template:Lang (milk coffee accompanied by Template:Lang [bread, butter and jam]).<ref name="orig" /><ref name="cc">Template:Cite web</ref>
Traditionally, the primary ingredient is rolled oats which have not been processed further. The original preparation was to soak the oats in water overnight ("overnight oats") and eat the next morning with fresh apple, nuts, lemon juice, and sweetened condensed milk. Variation over time was natural: substituting other citrus juice or adding additional ingredients such as grains, seeds, and fresh and dried fruits.<ref name="orig">Template:Cite web</ref> Yogurt, milk or other milk products, or milk substitutes are now common ingredients in both homemade and commercially packaged muesli recipes.
Modern commercial brands market muesli that is toasted. If it is processed further, by adding sweetener and oil to bind the ingredients together and baked, it is granola.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Etymology
Originally known in Swiss German as Template:Lang after its creator Bircher-Benner, the word Template:Lang is an Alemannic diminutive of Template:Lang (non-Swiss Standard German: Template:Lang) meaning 'mush' or 'purée'.<ref>Other variants are: Template:Langx Template:IPA, Template:Langx Template:IPA); Template:Cite web</ref>
History
Muesli was not originally intended as a breakfast food, but as an appetiser similar to bread and butter. It was consumed as Template:Lang (Template:Lit), but not as a breakfast cereal.<ref name="bbc">Template:Cite news</ref>
It was introduced around 1900 by Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,<ref name="Bircher">Template:Citation</ref> where a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables was an essential part of therapy. It was inspired by a similar "strange dish" that he and his wife had been served on a hike in the Swiss Alps.<ref name="orig" />
Bircher-Benner himself referred to the dish simply as Template:Lang, Swiss German for "the dish" (Template:Langx); it was commonly known as Template:Lang (Template:Lit). Bircher opened a chalet-style sanitorium on Zürichberg called Lebendige Kraft (Template:Lit). These facilities had risen in popularity during the era of Template:Lang, a social movement which valued health foods and vegetarianism.<ref name="bbc" />
Recipes
Original Bircher-Benner recipe
The original Bircher-Benner recipe consists of the following ingredients:
- Apples: "two or three small apples or one large one". The whole apple was to be used, including skin, core, and pipsTemplate:Efn.
- Nuts, either walnuts, almonds, or hazelnuts: 1 tablespoon.
- Rolled oats: 1 tablespoon, "previously soaked in 3 tablespoons water for 12 hours".
- Lemon juice: from half a lemon.
- Either cream and honey, or sweetened condensed milk: 1 tablespoon.<ref name="fruitdishes">Template:Citation</ref>
The dish was prepared by mixing the cream and honey or condensed milk with the soaked oats and lemon juice and, while stirring, grating the whole apple into the mixture. This method prevented the apple pulp from browning. The intent was to serve the dish fresh, immediately before any other dishes in the meal.<ref name="fruitdishes" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Fresh muesli
Muesli traditionally is freshly prepared using dried rolled oats or whole grain oats that have been soaked in water or fruit juice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other common ingredients are grated or chopped fresh fruit (e.g., bananas, apples, berries, grapes, mango), dried fruit, milk products (e.g., fresh milk, yoghurt, cream, condensed milk, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese) or nondairy milk substitutes, lemon juice, ground nuts, seeds, spices (especially cinnamon), honey and muesli mix.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The preparation of home-made muesli varies according to the tastes and preferences of the cook, but the basic proportions are around 80% grain, 10% nuts and seeds and 10% dried fruits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some home cooks prefer to mix the dry ingredients ahead of time and store a batch of it in a container, adding wet ingredients such as fresh fruit, dairy products, honey and fruit juice immediately before serving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Packaged muesli
Packaged muesli is a loose mixture of mainly rolled oats or cornflakes together with various dried fruit pieces, nuts, and seeds – the main ingredients of any muesli. It commonly contains other rolled cereal grains such as wheat or rye flakes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There are many varieties, which may also contain honey, spices, or chocolate. Dry packaged muesli can be kept for many months and served quickly after mixing with milk, filmjölk, yogurt, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit juice or water. If desired, pieces of fresh fruit may be added. Alternatively, the mix may be soaked overnight in milk and then served with fresh fruit or compote to taste.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cultural specifics
English-speaking world adaptation
Cafes, restaurants and chefs in the English-speaking world often use the label Bircher muesli to distinguish their dishes from the store-bought variety, indicating it has been prepared in a manner based on the original recipe – with grated fresh apple, lemon juice, cream and honey – rather than just being poured from a packet and having milk added. However, these dishes are usually a marked modification of the original recipe rather than a faithful reproduction. Many use orange or apple juice instead of lemon juice, and add other more exotic ingredients such as berries, grated fresh pears, poached or roasted fruit, vanilla essence and agave syrup.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cultural connotations
Muesli has been associated from the beginning with health-conscious diets and back-to-nature lifestyles. In English-speaking countries, these connotations have led to the coinage of terms linking muesli to social liberalism and the middle classes. These include the British muesli belt<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and the American granola type.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
See also
Notes
References
External links
Template:Oats Template:Cuisine of Switzerland Template:Authority control