Muezzin
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The muezzin (Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:Cite Dictionary.com</ref> Template:Langx), also spelled mu'azzin, is the person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer (ṣalāt) five times a day (Fajr prayer, Zuhr prayer, Asr prayer, Maghrib prayer and Isha prayer) at a mosque from the minaret.<ref name="Modarresi">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The muezzin plays an important role in ensuring an accurate prayer schedule for the Muslim community.
Etymology
The English word muezzin is borrowed from Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration Template:IPA, simplified mu'azzin,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the active participle of Template:Langx "to call". Thus, it means "the calling one".
Roles and responsibilities
The professional muezzin is chosen for his good character, voice and skills to serve at the mosque. Muezzins are typically men.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The muezzin is not considered a cleric, as he cleans the toilets and the place where people wash their hands, face and feet when they perform the Wuḍu' (Arabic: wuḍū’ وُضُوء, the "purification" of ablution) before offering the prayer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When calling to prayer, the muezzin faces the qiblah, the direction of the Ka'bah in Makkah, while reciting the adhan.<ref>A Muazzin calling for prayer in Saudi Arabia</ref>{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }}
From the fourteenth century, initially in Mamluk Egypt but then spread into other parts of the Islamic world, major mosques might employ a related officer, the muwaqqit, who determined the prayer times using mathematical astronomy. Unlike the muezzin, who were typically chosen for their piety and beautiful voice, the qualification of the muwaqqit required special knowledge in astronomy.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Historian Sonja Brentjes speculates that the muwaqqit might have evolved from a specialised muezzin,Template:Sfn and that there might not have been a clear delineation between the two offices.Template:Sfn Some celebrated muwaqqits, including Shams al-Din al-Khalili and ibn al-Shatir, were known to have once been muezzins, and many individuals held both offices simultaneously.Template:Sfn Today, with the production of electronic devices and authoritative timetables, a muezzin in a mosque can broadcast the call to prayer by consulting a table or a clock without requiring the specialised skill of a muwaqqit.Template:Sfn
Call of the muezzin
The call of the muezzin is considered an art form, reflected in the melodious chanting of the adhan. In Turkey there is an annual competition to find the country's best muezzin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Historically, a muezzin would have recited the call to prayer atop the minarets in order to be heard by those around the mosque.
Now, mosques often have Loudspeakers mounted on the top of the minaret and the muezzin will use a microphone, or a recording is played, allowing the call to prayer to be heard at great distances without climbing the minaret.
Origins
The institution of the muezzin has existed since the time of Muhammad. The first muezzin was a former slave Bilal ibn Rabah, one of the most trusted and loyal sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was born in Mecca and is considered the first mu'azzin, chosen by Muhammad himself.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">"Slavery in Islam." BBC News. BBC, 2009. Web. 2013.</ref><ref>Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.68. Scarecrow Press. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="book">Robinson, David. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print.</ref><ref>Levtzion, Nehemia, and Randall Lee Pouwels. The History of Islam in Africa. South Africa: Ohio UP, 2000. Print.</ref>
After minarets became customary at mosques, the office of muezzin in cities was sometimes given to a blind man, who could not see down into the inner courtyards of the citizens' houses and thus could not violate privacy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Notable muezzins
See also
- Salah, Muslim daily prayer
- Adhan, the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin
- Schulklopfer, the Jewish equivalent of the muezzin
- Loudspeakers in mosques
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Online
- Muezzin Islamic religious official, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Gloria Lotha, Deepti Mahajan and Amy Tikkanen