Mustard oil
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Mustard oil can mean either the pressed oil used for cooking or a pungent essential oil, also known as volatile oil, of the mustard plant. The essential oil results from grinding mustard seed, mixing the grounds with water, and isolating the resulting volatile oil by distillation. It can also be produced by dry distillation of the seed. Pressed mustard oil is used as cooking oil in many South Asian cusines; however, sale is restricted in some North American and European countries due to high levels of erucic acid. Variations of mustard seeds low in erucic acid have been cultivated at times.
History
Mustard oil was likely produced in the ancient Jewish town of Huqoq, in modern-day IsraelTemplate:Fact. This is suggested by distinctive agricultural features found there, such as semi-circular wine vats with steep slopes and lower troughs. Scholars believe these structures, dating to Roman or Byzantine times, were used to crush mustard pods to make oil. Mustard production in Huqoq is also documented in the Jerusalem Talmud.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Grey, M. J., & Magness, J. (2013). Finding Samson in Byzantine Galilee: The 2011-2012 Archaeological Excavations at Huqoq. Studies in the Bible and Antiquity, 5(1), pp. 6–9</ref>
Pressed oil
Oil makes up about 30% of mustard seeds. It can be produced from black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown mustard (B. juncea), and white mustard (B. alba).
Culinary use
Having a distinctive pungent taste, the use of the oil is a feature of predominantly Assamese, Odia, Bengali, Nepalese<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and North Indian cooking,<ref>Krishnendu Ray, The Migrant's Table: Meals and Memories in Bengali-American Households (Temple University Press, 2004), p. 27: "Wide use of mustard brings Bengali food close to the North Indian paradigm"</ref><ref>Pete Wells, Masalawala & Sons, Where the Food Is Bengali and the Mustard Oil Flow Template:Webarchive, New York Times (January 24, 2023): "The volatile, sinus-awakening aroma of mustard oil is one of the signatures of Bengali cooking. ... Many Bengali dishes are unthinkable without it."</ref> as well as Bangladeshi cuisine.<ref name=Sen>Indrani Sen, American Chefs Discover Mustard Oil Template:Webarchive, New York Times (November 2, 2011): "It is also used as a massage oil, the only use for which it is legally approved in the United States."</ref> It is sometimes used as a substitute for ghee.<ref>The Cook's Book of Ingredients (DK Publishing: 1st American ed., 2010), p. 513.</ref>
Chemical composition
Its pungent flavor is due to allyl isothiocyanate, a phytochemical of plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae (for example, cabbage, horseradish or wasabi).
Mustard oil has about 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (42% erucic acid and 12% oleic acid); it has about 21% polyunsaturated fats (6% the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and 15% the omega-6 linoleic acid), and it has about 12% saturated fats.<ref name=fdc/>
Erucic acid in canola oil
Template:See also Mustard oil can have up to 50% erucic acid<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Ndash a component of canola oil, which is deemed as a safe food ingredient for human consumption when the erucic acid level does not exceed 2% of the total fatty acids and the canola oil is pure.<ref name="cfr">Template:Cite web</ref>
Regulation
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibits the import or sale of expressed mustard oil in the U.S. for use in cooking due to its high erucic acid content. By contrast, the FDA classifies essential mustard oil, which has a much lower erucic acid content, as generally recognized as safe, and allows its use in food.<ref>FDA Import Alert 26-04: Detention Without Physical Examination of Expressed Mustard Oil Template:Webarchive, FDA (November 18, 2016).</ref><Ref> Mustard and Mustard Oil Safety Template:Webarchive, National Capital Poison Center] (last accessed January 26, 2023). </ref> Expressed mustard oil is permitted in the U.S. as a massage oil, with a required "for external use only" label.<ref name=Sen/>
Nutrition
Mustard oil (per 100 g) contains 884 calories of food energy and is 100% fat. The fat composition is 11% saturated fat, 59% monounsaturated fat, and 21% polyunsaturated fat.<ref name="fdc">Template:Cite web</ref>
Essential oil
Template:More references The pungency of the condiment mustard results when ground mustard seeds are mixed with water, vinegar, or other liquid (or even when chewed). Under these conditions, a chemical reaction between the enzyme myrosinase and a glucosinolate known as sinigrin from the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) or brown Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) produces allyl isothiocyanate. By distillation one can produce a very sharp-tasting essential oil, sometimes called volatile oil of mustard, containing more than 92% allyl isothiocyanate. The pungency of allyl isothiocyanate is due to the activation of the TRPA1 ion channel in sensory neurons. White mustard (Brassica hirta) does not yield allyl isothiocyanate, but the milder 4-Hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate degraded from sinalbin rather than sinigrin.<ref name=Purdue_mustard>Template:Cite web</ref>
Allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a defense against herbivores. Since it is harmful to the plant,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> it is stored in the harmless form of a glucosinolate, separate from the enzyme myrosinase. Once the herbivore chews the plant, the noxious allyl isothiocyanate is produced. Allyl isothiocyanate is also responsible for the pungent taste of horseradish and wasabi. It can be produced synthetically, sometimes known as synthetic mustard oil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>