Nördlinger Ries
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Expand German Template:Infobox terrestrial impact site The Template:Lang (Template:IPA) is an impact crater<ref>J. Baier: Geohistorische Bemerkungen zur Suevit-Forschung (Ries-Impakt). Geohistorische Blätter, 31(1/2), Berlin 2020.</ref> and large circular depression in western Bavaria and eastern Baden-Württemberg. It is located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. The city of Nördlingen is located within the depression, about Template:Convert south-west of its centre.
Etymology
Template:Lang is derived from Raetia, since the tribe of Raetians lived in the area in pre-Roman times.<ref name=Entwurf/><ref name=Schmidt_1896/>
Description
The depression is a meteorite impact crater formed 14.808 ± 0.038 million years ago in the Miocene.<ref name=Schmieder_2018/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The crater is most commonly referred to simply as the Ries crater or the Ries. The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of Template:Convert. The present floor of the depression is about Template:Cvt below the eroded remains of the rim.
It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic, glacial or tectonic origin. Oliver Sachs introduced, in this context, the term "pioneer era" (up to 1870) and marked the beginning of early modern research on the Ries (from 1870), meaning the period when the first detailed theories about the formation of the Nördlinger Ries became known.<ref>O. Sachs: Einige wiederentdeckte geologische Kartenwerke zum Nördlinger Ries und ihre Beziehung zu den frühesten Entstehungstheorien in der Pionierzeit der Riesforschung vor 1870. In: Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins. 102, 2020, pages 234–266, doi:10.1127/jmogv/102/0012.</ref><ref>O. Sachs: Geologische Landeskarten des Königreichs von Württemberg und die Zeit der „Württembergischen Commission der geologischen Detailaufnahme“ am Beispiel der beiden Impaktkrater Steinheimer Becken und Nördlinger Ries. In: Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins. 103, 2021, S. 113–152, doi:10.1127/jmogv/103/0002.</ref><ref>O. Sachs: Von der Pionierzeit zur frühen Moderne der geologischen Riesforschung: Die vergessenen Karten des Nördlinger Rieses bis 1870. In: Rieser Kulturtage. 23, 2023, S. 29–96.</ref> In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact.<ref name=Shoemaker_1961>Template:Cite journal</ref> The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact. The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry,<ref name=Cokinos_2009/><ref name=Shoemaker_1961/> but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by St. George's Church in Nördlingen, which is built of locally derived suevite.<ref name=Cokinos_2009/> The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth.<ref name="SturmEtAl2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> Rampart craters have almost exclusively been found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after the impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into the mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow.
Another impact crater, the much smaller (Template:Cvt diameter) Steinheim crater,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is located about Template:Cvt west-southwest from the center of Ries. It had previously been thought that the two craters formed simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid 14.8 million years ago, but a study published in 2020 suggests that Steinheim could actually be about 500,000 years younger than Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about Template:Convert (Ries) and Template:Convert (Steinheim), had a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers, and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west-southwest to east-northeast direction.Template:Citation needed The impact velocity is thought to have been about Template:Cvt.Template:Citation needed The resulting explosion had the power of 40 million Hiroshima bombs, an energy of roughly 2.4Template:E joules.Template:Citation needed
The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of moldavite tektites found in southern Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The tektite melt originated from a sand-rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to Template:Cvt downrange of the crater. The shape of the strewnfield suggests that the direction of impact was from the west-southwest.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Stone buildings in Nördlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than Template:Cvt across. The impact that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated Template:Convert of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
History
On one edge of the Nördlinger Ries are the Ofnet Caves, where, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered thirty-three human skulls dating to the Mesolithic period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Ries was the site of the Battle of the Ries on 13 May 841.
The landing site for Apollo 14 is a heavily craterized terrain, and one of the science goals of the mission was to sample ejecta from the impact that formed Mare Imbrium. Template:Lang is an easily accessible, large impact crater, making it a convenient analog for lunar craters. Because of this, it was used as a location to train Apollo 14 astronauts, so that they would be able to investigate lunar impact structures and related rocks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell, as well as Apollo 14 backup astronauts Eugene Cernan and Joe Engle, trained here from August 10 to August 14, 1970.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In popular culture
- In Julian May's Saga of Pliocene Exile series of books, the Template:Lang is an impact crater caused by the crash-landing of an alien ship, setting up the society of humanoid aliens in Pliocene-era Europe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
References
External links
- Ries at Earth Impact Database
- Travel for Kids: Nordlingen, Germany
- Information on meteorite and aerial photo of town, scroll two thirds of the way down page