Violence in ice hockey

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Linesmen attempt to break up a fight around the Tampa Bay goal during the first ice hockey playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Violence has been a part of ice hockey since at least the early 1900s. According to the book Hockey: A People's History, in 1904 alone, four players were killed during hockey games from the frequent brawls and violent stickwork.<ref name="PeopleHistory"> Template:Cite video</ref>

More modern examples of violence include brawls, bench-clearing brawls, fighting, fan involvement,<ref>YouYube Video, "Boston Bruins go into the stands in 1979, https://youtube.com/watch?v=fpbD6W7YT5A</ref> physical abuse of officials and deliberately injuring opponents. Violent actions such as kicking, hitting from behind and prohibited stickwork, are penalized with suspensions or fines. Fighting, or fisticuffs, is also penalized but is considered by many hockey enthusiasts, particularly in North America, to be quite distinct from stick-swinging or other violent acts. They regard fighting as an entrenched, acceptable and integral part of the game.

On the ice, referees may impose penalties for prohibited activities. Off the ice, the National Hockey League (NHL) sometimes fines, suspends or expels players. The criminal justice system has also occasionally charged and convicted players. As a result, hockey has become much more regulated and the violent element much more controlled. This has been aided, in no small part, by dramatic increases in disciplinary processes and technology allowing for a high level of scrutiny of any event which occurs.

History

Early hockey in particular was noted for its extreme violence, to the point where two players were killed in three years during brawls. In both cases, the accused assailants were acquitted, but these and other bloody incidents led to calls for the sport to clean up its act or be banned along with the likes of cockfighting.<ref>McKinley, Michael: "Hockey: A People's History," pages 27-28. McClelland & Stewart, 2006.</ref> The worst of the violence waned, particularly with the advent of regulations for quasi-legal fisticuffs, though incidents continue to occur from time to time.

Cully Wilson, right winger with the Seattle Metropolitans, slashed Vancouver Millionaires center Mickey MacKay over the mouth during the 1919 PCHA season. MacKay suffered a fractured jaw and missed the rest of the season. When the season was over PCHA chief disciplinarian Frank Patrick banned Wilson from the league,<ref>"Injuries of Mickey MacKay are serious" The Calgary Daily Herald, March 3, 1919.</ref><ref>"Mickey MacKay may return to oldtime form" The Morning Leader, October 31, 1924.</ref> and Wilson never played in the PCHA again.

Billy Coutu was the first, and to date only, player banned from the NHL for life for violence in 1927; he assaulted referee Jerry Laflamme and tackled referee Billy Bell before starting a bench-clearing brawl during a Stanley Cup game between the Boston Bruins and Ottawa Senators, apparently on the orders of Bruins Head Coach Art Ross. The NHL's first president, Frank Calder, expelled Coutu from the NHL for life; the ban was lifted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again.

Other incidents include the December 12, 1933, event when Eddie Shore rammed Toronto Maple Leafs star Ace Bailey from behind, causing Bailey to strike his head on the ice; Bailey never played hockey again. More recently, controversy and criminal charges have resulted from violent attacks by Marty McSorley, Todd Bertuzzi and Chris Simon.

Players who are banned in the American Hockey League (AHL) for violence are not permitted in the ECHL, and vice versa, because of their agreements with the Professional Hockey Players' Association.

In January 2012, David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, said that violence such as headshots, high-sticking and fighting should not be part of the sport.<ref name="govgen">Template:Cite web</ref>

Reports investigating violence

There have been two major Canadian reports on violence in hockey. In 1974, William McMurtry provided a report for the Government of Ontario entitled Investigation and Inquiry into Violence in Amateur Hockey. In 2000, Bernie Pascall prepared a report for the Government of British Columbia entitled Eliminating Violence in Hockey.<ref>Violence, Not Part of Youth Hockey Template:Webarchive, pilot project working paper, Nanaimo Minor Hockey Association, September 10, 2003</ref>

On-ice incidents resulting in charges

Alcide Laurin.
Allan Loney.
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Owen "Bud" McCourt.
File:Charles Masson, Ottawa Victorias.jpg
Charles Masson.
File:Edgar Dey, Pittsburgh Bankers.jpg
Edgar Dey.

Longest suspensions

All of these incidents are in the NHL of the United States and Canada, unless noted otherwise.

Name Team Length Date Offense
Template:Sortname Los Angeles Kings Template:Frac years Template:Dts Unacceptable off ice conduct (Voynov was arrested for misdemeanor domestic violence in October 2014 and was originally banned indefinitely following his arrest; he was suspended for the entire 2019–20 NHL season. The neutral arbitrator upheld his suspension, but he was credited for serving 41 games. Therefore, he became eligible for reinstatement in January 2020.)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Boston Bruins Template:Frac years Template:Dts Assaulted referee Jerry Laflamme, tackled referee Billy Bell and started a Stanley Cup bench-clearing brawl, apparently on the orders of coach Art Ross (Originally banned for life, but penalty was commuted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again.)
Template:Sortname Detroit Red Wings 2 years Template:Dts Mentioned above (Banned from playing in Toronto only)
Template:Sortname Barys Astana (KHL) Template:Frac years Template:Dts Initiated a violent bench-clearing brawl against Tomáš Marcinko and other players from Red Star Kunlun during a preseason game<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Originally banned for life; penalty was commuted after 1 year and 5 months.)
Template:Sortname Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) 89 games Template:Dts Slashed Garrett Stafford in the head (Perezhogin was suspended for five 2004 playoff games plus all 80 regular season games and four playoff games of the 2004–05 season, but the Russian Superleague did not honor his suspension unlike Todd Bertuzzi's suspension, so he was able to play in that league's 2004-05 season.)
Template:Sortname Vancouver Canucks 17 months
(20 games—13 regular season games plus seven playoff games)
Template:Dts Mentioned above (Since there was a labour dispute in the NHL the ensuing year, and the NHL is an IIHF member, the suspension was good for all IIHF member leagues in the ensuing season. Reinstated by the NHL Commissioner on August 8, 2005.)
Template:Sortname Rögle BK (SHL Qualifier) Template:Frac months Template:Dts Assaulted unsuspecting Per Helmersson during a warmup (Deveaux subsequently agreed to terminate his contract.)<ref name="svt.se">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Erie Otters (OHL) 68 games (64 regular season, 4 playoffs) Template:Dts Check to the head of the Kitchener Rangers' Ben Fanelli, giving him a fractured skull. Suspension ended Liambas' OHL career. Fanelli eventually recovered.
Template:Sortname San Jose Sharks 41 games Template:Dts Illegal check to the head on Jakob Silfverberg and interference (longest non-lifetime suspension in NHL history; suspension length was issued because Torres had nine previous instances of NHL rule violations which required supplemental discipline rather than the check itself)
Template:Sortname Ottawa Senators Template:Dts Violated NHL's gambling rules<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Sortname New York Islanders 30 games Template:Dts Stomped on Jarkko Ruutu's ankle during a timeout<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ari Lähteenmäki HIFK (SM-liiga) 27 games Template:Dts Cross-checked Petri Lampinen in the face (with enough force to break the stick), and struck his head into the ice repeatedly. Longest suspension in SM-liiga's history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Nashville Predators Template:Dts Unacceptable off-ice conduct (Watson was arrested for domestic assault in June 2018; suspension was reduced to 18 games upon appeal)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Chris Simon New York Islanders 25 games Template:Dts Slashed Ryan Hollweg in the head
Template:Sortname Philadelphia Flyers Template:Dts Cross-checked Ryan Kesler in the face
Template:Sortname Boston Bruins 23 games Template:Dts Mentioned above (After his assault conviction, his NHL suspension was extended to one full year from the time of the incident, through February 21, 2001; however, McSorley did not sign a new contract before the next season, and never played in the NHL again.)
Template:Sortname Tampa Bay Lightning Template:Dts Left the penalty box to try and engage in a fight and verbally and physically abused officials during a preseason game (Dwyer was suspended for remainder of preseason and 21 regular season games; he was also fined $10,000.)
Template:Sortname MoDo Hockey (SHL) 22 games Template:Dts Intentionally skated into an official<ref name="svt.se"/>
Template:Sortname Washington Capitals 21 games Template:Dts Deliberately hit and injured Pierre Turgeon after Turgeon had scored (incident occurred in Capitals' final playoff game; suspension carried over to first 21 games of next regular season)
Raffi Torres Phoenix Coyotes Template:Dts Illegal check of Marián Hossa in the head (originally 25 games, reduced to 21 games on appeal)
Evander Kane San Jose Sharks Template:Dts Violated The NHL's COVID-19 Protocols
Matt Nickerson Milton Keynes Lightning

(EIHL)

20 games Template:Dts Abusing an official and striking a fan <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Chicago Black Hawks Template:Dts Automatic suspension for intentionally tripping linesman Ron Foyt with his stick
Template:Sortname Phoenix Coyotes Template:Dts Slashed Steve Heinze in the nose
Template:Sortname Philadelphia Flyers Template:Dts Threw himself at Dean McAmmond behind the net
Template:Sortname Calgary Flames Template:Dts Cross-checked linesman Don Henderson from behind (reduced to 10 games on appeal in March 2016)
Template:Sortname Niagara IceDogs (OHL) Template:Dts Charging and elbowing Ryan Murphy
Template:Sortname Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL) Template:Dts Elbowing Mikael Tam
Template:Sortname Sparta Warriors (GET-ligaen) Template:Dts Forcefully and repeatedly punching a defenseless opponent in the head during a post-game brawl.
Tom Wilson Washington Capitals Template:Dts Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game (reduced to 14 games on appeal in November 2018)
Sergei Belokon Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) 18 games Template:Dts Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Template:Sortname Jokerit (then SM-liiga) Template:Dts Assaulted Ville Peltonen by illegally checking him and beating him while he was down; the team was also fined €40,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Pittsburgh Penguins 17 games Template:Dts Elbowed Ryan McDonagh in the head. Cooke was suspended for remainder of regular season and round one of 2011 playoffs.
Template:Sortname Luleå HF (SHL) Template:Dts Attacked a referee over a goal that Javeblad disagreed with<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname Boston Bruins 16 games Template:Dts Sucker punched Ace Bailey from behind
Template:Sortname Vienna Capitals (EBHL) 16 games Template:Dts Attacked the referee after a high stick infraction was not called.
Template:Sortname Montreal Canadiens 15 games Template:Dts Knocked out linesman Cliff Thompson during a fight with Hal Laycoe; this incident led to the Richard Riot. Richard was suspended for the rest of the 1954–55 season including playoffs.
Template:Sortname Colorado Rockies Template:Dts Caused deliberate facial injuries to Dennis Polonich
Template:Sortname Philadelphia Flyers Template:Dts Cross-checked and injured Tomas Sandström. Brown was suspended for 13 regular season games and 2 games against the New York Rangers.
Template:Sortname Los Angeles Kings Template:Dts Slashed Neil Wilkinson in the head.
Template:Sortname Boston Bruins Template:Dts Punched Brooks Orpik in the head while he was on his back on the ice.
Template:Sortname Vålerenga Ishockey (GET-ligaen) Template:Dts Knocking Lørenskog player Eerikki Koivu down to the ice, then repeatedly punching his head as he was down.
Josh Gratton Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) Template:Dts Participating in a mass brawl.
Template:Sortname Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) 14 games Template:Dts Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Template:Sortname Linköpings HC (SHL) Template:Dts Illegal check to the head on Magnus Kahnberg that caused a concussion requiring hospitalization.<ref name="aftonbladet.se">Template:Cite web</ref> Karlsson was suspended for 11 SHL games plus 3 national team games.
Tom Wilson Washington Capitals Template:Dts Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game (reduced to 14 games on appeal in November 2018).
Template:Sortname St. Louis Blues 30 days Template:Dts Mentioned above
Template:Sortname Boston Bruins 13 games Template:Dts Mentioned above
Template:Sortname Tampa Bay Lightning Template:Dts Left the penalty box and physically abused a linesman while trying to start a fight with players in the New York Rangers penalty box.
Template:Sortname Ässät (Liiga) Template:Dts Charged Valtteri Hietanen with a check to the head<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Sortname New York Rangers 12 games Template:Dts Slashed Mario Lemieux in the throat
Template:Sortname Philadelphia Flyers Template:Dts Attacked Chris Chelios
Template:Sortname Los Angeles Kings Template:Dts Sucker punched Jeff Beukeboom in the back of the head
Template:Sortname San Jose Sharks Template:Dts Left the bench to attack Mattias Norström
Darcy Verot Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) Template:Dts Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Template:Sortname San Jose Sharks 11 games Template:Dts Hit Grant Marshall in the face with his stick
Template:Sortname Toronto Maple Leafs Template:Dts Elbowed Scott Niedermayer in the face. Domi was suspended for the remainder of the 2001 playoffs (3 playoff games plus 8 regular season games).
Template:Sortname Winnipeg Jets 10 games Template:Dts Mentioned above
Peter Lindmark Malmö IF (SHL) Template:Dts Swung his stick at the referee's head<ref name="aftonbladet.se"/>
Template:Sortname Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Template:Dts Checked Mike Modano face-first into the boards from behind
Template:Sortname New Jersey Devils Template:Dts Slashed Peter Worrell in the head
Template:Sortname Los Angeles Kings Template:Dts Automatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in a brawl after being ejected for roughing an opponent.
Template:Sortname Pittsburgh Penguins Template:Dts Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight Micheal Haley after Haley had challenged Pittsburgh goalie, Brent Johnson during the Penguins-Islanders brawl.
Template:Sortname New York Islanders Template:Dts Dangerous hit on Cal Clutterbuck in first game back from a nine-game suspension as a result of the Penguins–Islanders brawl.
Template:Sortname Toronto Maple Leafs Template:Dts Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to engage in a fight
Template:Sortname Phoenix Coyotes Template:Dts Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight a Los Angeles Kings player on an illegal ice change
Template:Sortname Buffalo Sabres Template:Dts Delivered illegal check to the head of Jack Johnson
Template:Sortname Anaheim Ducks Template:Dts Automatic suspension for slashing linesman Shandor Alphonso
Template:Sortname Detroit Red Wings Template:Dts Automatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in an altercation with Matthew Tkachuk after being ejected by the officials
Template:Sortname Philadelphia Flyers Template:Dts Slashed Mathieu Perreault in the neck
Ryan Hartman Minnesota Wild February 2025 Roughed Tim Stützle by intentionally his driving head into the ice surface while contesting a face-off.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

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