NTV (Russia)

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}}Template:Infobox television channel

NTV (Cyrillic: НТВ) is a Russian free-to-air television channel that was launched as a subsidiary of Vladimir Gusinsky's company Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 50.</ref><ref name=MediaMostHistory>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 14 April 2001 Gazprom Media controls the network. NTV has no official meaning according to Igor Malashenko, the author of the name and co-founder of the company, but in the 1990s unofficial transcripts of the acronym include "New" (Novoje), "Independent" (Nezavisimoje), "Non-governmental" (Negosudarstvennoje), "Our" (Nashe).<ref>Игорь Малашенко: "НТВ не расшифровывается вообще никак. Когда-то я придумал эту аббревиатуру для нового телевидения, кто-то предложил расшифровать как "независимое", но все дружно заявили, что это безумно претенциозно. Предлагали другие варианты – "негосударственное", "наше", в результате твердо договорились не расшифровывать вообще никак..."</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Gusinsky era (1993–2001)

Gusinsky founded NTV broadcasting in October 1993 on channel 4. It moved to channel 5 in January 1994.<ref name=MediaMostHistory/> He attracted talented journalists and news anchors of the time such as Tatiana Mitkova, Leonid Parfyonov, Mikhail Osokin, Yevgeniy Kiselyov, Vladimir A. Kara-Murza, Victor Shenderovich, Pyotr Marchenko and others. The channel set high professional standards in Russian television, broadcasting live coverage and sharp analysis of current events. Starting before the dissolution of Soviet Union as Fourth Programme, the channel broadcast a daily news programme Segodnya and a weekly news-commentary programme Itogi which was jointly supported by the United States magazine Newsweek (at the time, a subsidiary of The Washington Post Company, now Graham Holdings Company).<ref name=MediaMostHistory/><ref>G. Kertman, Star Wars (Political Commentators on Television) Template:Webarchive, The Public Opinion Foundation, 1 March 2000.</ref> In the early 1990s, Template:Interlanguage link, a multibillion-dollar advertising agency, obtained exclusive advertising rights on NTV.<ref name=RadioSvoboda>Template:Cite news</ref>

It commented favorably on President Boris Yeltsin's re-election campaign in 1996.Template:Citation needed

By 1999 NTV had achieved an audience of 102 million, covering about 70% of Russia's territory, and was available in other former Soviet republics.<ref>NTV: Timeline of events, CNN, 10 April 2001.</ref>

During parliamentary elections in 1999 and presidential elections in 2000, NTV was critical of the Second Chechen War, Vladimir Putin and the political party Unity backed by him. In the puppet show Kukly ('Puppets') in the beginning of February 2000, the puppet of Putin acted as Little Zaches in a story based on E.T.A. Hoffmann's Little Zaches Called Cinnabar, in which blindness causes villagers to mistake an evil gnome for a beautiful youth.<ref>Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 49.</ref> This provoked a fierce reaction from Putin's supporters. On 8 February the newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti published a letter signed by the Rector of St. Petersburg State University Lyudmila Verbitskaya, the Dean of its Law Department Nikolay Kropachyov and some of Putin's other presidential campaign assistants that urged the prosecution of the authors of the show for what they considered a criminal offence.Template:Citation needed

Talk show with people of Ryazan and FSB members

On 24 March 2000, two days before the presidential elections, NTV featured the Ryazan apartment bombing of fall 1999 in the talk show Independent Investigation. The interviews of the residents of the Ryazan apartment building, along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed a few days earlier. On 26 March, Boris Nemtsov voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk.<ref>Template:In lang FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People Template:Webarchive, Alexander Litvinenko, Yuri Felshtinsky, Novaya Gazeta, 27 August 2001 (computer translation)</ref>

Seven months later, NTV general manager Igor Malashenko said at the JFK School of Government that the Information Minister Mikhail Lesin had warned him on several occasions. Malashenko's recollection of Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV had "crossed a line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin.<ref>Caucasus Ka-Boom Template:Webarchive, Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, Johnson's Russia List, Issue 4630</ref>

According to Alexander Goldfarb, Malashenko told him that Valentin Yumashev had brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before the airing of the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.<ref>Alexander Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB (2007), The Free Press, Template:ISBN, p. 198.</ref>

Eviction of management (2000–2001)

Template:Main On 11 May 2000, tax police, backed by officers from the general prosecutor's office and the FSB, stormed the Moscow headquarters of NTV and Media-Most and searched the premises for 12 hours. Critics considered this move politically motivated, as NTV voiced opposition to Putin since his presidential electoral campaign. Putin denied any involvement.

Viktor Shenderovich claimed that an unnamed top government official requested NTV to exclude the puppet of Putin from Kukly.<ref>Template:In lang Виктор Шендерович (Viktor Shenderovich), Здесь Было НТВ, ТВ-6, ТВС: Обстоятельства непреодолимой сил (Zdes' bilo NTV, TV-6, TVS: Obstoyatel'ctva nepreodolimoi sil, "Here was NTV, TV-6, TVS: Force Majeure"), 2003, on a site of interviews and articles mainly by TV host Svetlana Sorokina. Computer translationTemplate:Dead link.</ref> Accordingly, in the following episode of the show, called "Ten Commandments", the puppet of Putin was replaced with a cloud covering the top of a mountain and a burning bush.

The program Itogi went on investigating corruption in the Russian government and the autumn 1999 blasts in Russia.

On 13 June 2000, Gusinsky was detained as a suspect in the General Prosecutor Office's criminal investigation of fraud between his Media-Most holding, Russkoye Video – 11th Channel Ltd. and the federal enterprise Russkoye Video. At the time, Media-Most was involved in a dispute over the loan received from Gazprom. On the third day, however, he was released under the written undertaking not to leave the country.<ref>Template:In lang Елена Курасова (Elena Kurasova), Телекнязь Кара-Мурза (Telekiyaz' Kara-Murza, "Tele-prince Kara-Murza"), Stringer.ru, 1 March 2003.</ref>

On 15 July, the puppet of Putin acted in the Kukly show as Girolamo Savonarola.

On 19 July, investigators of the office of the Prosecutor General of Russia came to Gusinsky's home, distrained and arrested his property.

In a surprisingly informal deal, the charges against Gusinsky were lifted after he signed an agreement with Mikhail Lesin, Minister of Media, on 20 July. Under the "shares for freedom" transaction or Protocol No.6 (Протокол N.6. Доля свободы) agreement, Gusinsky would discharge his debts by selling Media-Most to Gazprom-Media, which had held a 30% share of NTV since 1996, for the price imposed by the latter, and was given a guarantee that he would not be prosecuted. After leaving the country, Gusinsky claimed he was pressured to sign the agreement by the prospect of the criminal investigation. Media-Most refused to comply with the agreement.

Tax authorities brought a suit against Media-Most aiming to wind it up.

On 26 January 2001, Gazprom announced that it had acquired a controlling stake of 46% in NTV. The voting rights of a 19% stake held by Media-Most was frozen by a court decision.<ref>Gazprom Takes Control of NTV, Kagan World Media, Ltd. 26 January 2001. Archived on the Internet Archive 28 March 2006.</ref>

Putin met with leading NTV journalists on 29 January, but the meeting changed nothing. The parties reasserted their positions; Putin denied any involvement and said that he could not interfere with the prosecutors and courts.<ref>Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 53.</ref>

Around that time American media mogul Ted Turner (owner and founder of the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner) appeared to be going to buy Gusinsky's share, but this has never happened.

On 3 April, Gazprom Media headed by Alfred Kokh by violating the procedure conducted a shareholders' meeting which removed Kiselyov from the NTV Director General position.

Gazprom era (2001–present)

File:Путин, Клейменов, Миткова, Сванидзе.jpg
Russian President Putin meets with NTV journalists Tatyana Mitkova, Kirill Kleimyonov and Nikolai Svanidze, 18 November 2004

On 14 April 2001, Gazprom took over NTV by force and brought in its own management team. Its director-general Yevgeniy Kiselyov was replaced by Boris Jordan. Many leading journalists, including Yevgeniy Kiselyov, Svetlana Sorokina, Viktor Shenderovich, Vladimir A. Kara-Murza, Dmitry Dibrov, left the company. Leonid Parfyonov and Tatyana Mitkova remained. Kiselyov's Itogi program was closed down, replaced by Parfyonov's Namedni.

Citizens concerned by the threat to the freedom of speech in Russia argued that the financial pressure was inspired by the Vladimir Putin's government, which was often subject to NTV's criticism. Some tens of thousands of Russians rallied to the call of dissident NTV journalists in order to support the old NTV staff in April 2001. Within the next couple of years, two independent TV channels which absorbed the former NTV journalists, TV-6 and TVS, were also shut down.<ref>Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 55. Discusses TV-6.</ref>

In January 2003, Boris Jordan was ousted as director general and replaced by Nikolay Senkevich, son of TV-presenter Yuri Senkevich from Channel One.<ref>Tom Birchenough, Senkevich bounds to top NTV slot, Variety, 23 January 2003.</ref> A few days earlier he was also discharged from Media-Most director-general position, where he had replaced Alfred Kokh in October 2001. As insiders claimed, Jordan was sacked because NTV had carried a live translation of the culmination of the Moscow theater siege in October 2002 and had been too critical of the way authorities handled it.

Since then, entertaining talk-shows have become more prominent on NTV, rather than political programmes. However, unlike other leading TV channels in Russia, NTV went on reporting on-the-fly about some opposition activities and government failures, including the conflagrating fire of the Moscow Manege on the day of the Russian presidential elections on 14 March 2004, and the assassination of the pro-Russian President of Chechnya Akhmad Kadyrov on Victory Day 9 May 2004.

On 1 June 2004, Leonid Parfyonov, one of the last leading journalists from the old NTV staff who remained, and who was still critical of the government, was ousted from the channel, and his weekly news commentary programme Namedni was taken off the air.<ref>Nick Paton Walsh, Television station sacks Kremlin's last critic, The Guardian (UK), 3 June 2004.</ref><ref>Leonid Parfenov Sacked from NTV Template:Webarchive, Kommersant (Russia), 2 June 2004.</ref> Its last announced episode never aired. Shortly before this, Parfyonov had been forbidden to present an interview with Malika Yandarbieva, widow of Chechen rebel leader Zelimkhan Yandarbiev. Zelimkhan Yandarbiev had been assassinated in exile in Qatar earlier that year. Parfyonov had shared this decision with the public on 31 May.<ref>Maria Luisa Tirmaste, "It Was a Request We Couldn't Refuse" Template:Webarchive, Kommersant (Russia), 31 May 2004.</ref>

On 5 July 2004, Senkevich was replaced by Template:Ill (b. 1952) as director general of NTV.<ref>Simon Saradzhyan, Kulistikov Appointed New Chief of NTV, The Moscow Times, 6 July 2004.</ref> Tamara Gavrilova, formerly a fellow student with Vladimir Putin at Leningrad State University, was appointed deputy director general.<ref>Template:In lang Виктор Шендерович (Viktor Shenderovich), Венеролог Басаев, однокурсница президента, а также – почему Зюганов пожаловался Путину на него самого, (Venerolog Basayev, Odnokurisnitsa prezidenta, a takzhe – pochemu Zuganov pochalovalsya Putinu na nego samogo, "Venerolog Basayev, president of Odnokurisnitsa and – why Zuganov complained to Putin himself") Novaya Gazeta, 19 July 2004.</ref>

Soon the political programmes Freedom of Speech hosted by Savik Shuster (Shuster works in Ukraine since 2005<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>"Russia's free media find a haven in Ukraine", Financial Times (11 July 2009).</ref>), Personal Contribution hosted by Aleksandr Gerasimov, and Red Arrow were closed down.

File:Vladimir Putin's meeting with the NTV television company (2018-10-12) 02.jpg
Russian President Vladimir Putin meets with NTV executives and journalists, 12 October 2018

From 2006 to 2009, NTV ran weekly news commentary programme Sunday Night in a talk-show format and political talk-show On The Stand, both hosted by Vladimir Solovyov, as well as weekly news commentary programme Real Politics hosted on Saturdays from 2005 to 2008 by political analyst and key Kremlin adviser Gleb Pavlovsky.

NTV began to be broadcast in widescreen in April 2013, hosted its own coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, and joined the long list of Russian TV networks broadcasting in HD on 9 February 2015.

Controversy over Ukraine

In August 2014, NTV aired a documentary titled 13 Friends of the Junta, which described critics of Russia's policies in Ukraine as "traitors" and supporters of "fascists". The Moscow Times reported that footage of Andrey Makarevich's concert in Sviatohirsk "was merged with images of the fighting that he supposedly endorsed. The program never mentions that the concert was for the benefit of Ukraine's internally displaced children."<ref name=MT140826> Template:Cite news </ref> In 2015, NTV fired a journalist who criticized Vladimir Putin and his policy towards Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Another program "Anatomy of a protest" was also presenting most of the anti-government protesters in former USSR countries as "Western puppets" or CIA inspired agents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The producers of the program, Pyotr Drogovoz and Liliya Parfyonova, were also accused of frequently receiving wiretap information from FSB which allowed them to pay surprise visits with camera on various opposition meetings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Shortly after the Crocus City Hall attack, for which the Islamic State – Khorasan Province claimed responsibility, NTV broadcast a doctored video using audio deepfaking, purporting to show Oleksiy Danilov, the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, confirming Ukrainian involvement in the attack, supposedly saying, "It's fun in Moscow today, I think it's very fun. I would like to believe that we will arrange such fun for them more often."<ref name="BBCdeepfake">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The deepfake was created by patching together previous news streams of the Ukrainian 1+1 channel.<ref name="BBCdeepfake"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sanctions over Ukraine

In 2022, the Denis Diderot Committee, a European group of academic researchers and professionals called for sanctions against NTV Plus for having cancelled various international news channels from its line-up.<ref>Calls for sanctions on Russian pay-TV Satellite platforms Trikolor and NTV+, Broadband TV News, 5 April 2022</ref><ref>Report and petition of the Denid Diderot Committee https://histv3.wixsite.com/denisdiderot</ref>

On 8 May 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on NTV Broadcasting Company pursuant to Template:Executive Order for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Programmes

Past

Present

Criticism

The "criminal" component of the broadcast network

Under NTV CEO Vladimir Kulistikov, according to journalist Rostislav Zhuravlev, up to 70% of the channel's broadcast network consisted of crime series, crime programs and emergency reports, which is why NTV was popularly nicknamed "MENTTV";<ref>Полицейское телевидение, или «МЕНТ-ТВ» Template:Webarchive</ref> сA similar opinion was expressed by the former presenter of the channel, Vladimir Kara-Murza Sr., although, according to him, there was similar shocking content on other Russian TV channels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The vast majority of the broadcast television series were of questionable quality, according to Artyom Gusyatinsky, directors sometimes did not hesitate to "steal" plot moves from other films and TV series produced abroad.<ref>Гусятинский, А. «Агент» нечаянно нагрянет, когда его совсем не ждёшь Template:Webarchive // Комсомольская правда. — 2013. — 30 мая. — С. 22.</ref> In 2010, RIA Novosti columnist Sergey Varshavchik claimed that the TV channel was working "for its audience" — mostly men with low educational levels, who usually served time or worked in non-senior positions in law enforcement agencies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2010, an online publication Lenta.ru He noted that if tens of thousands of Muscovites protested against such actions in 2001 during the change of ownership of the TV channel, then in 9 years viewers began to "spit on Parfenov, on NTV, and on themselves," therefore, in the event of a hypothetical closure of NTV, they would be outraged these days. This is only seen by fans of crime series like "Capercaillie". Satirical writer Mikhail Zadornov also commented ironically on the content of the channel's network: at his concerts and on his blogs, he joked that "95% of crimes in Russia are solved only in NTV series."

The abandonment of the "criminal" component of the NTV broadcast network began in 2015, when Alexey Zemsky took over the position of CEO. According to Lenta.ru By that time, the TV channel, as "the main supplier of action-packed series about the struggle of policemen and bandits, had lost both revenue and viewers," dropping to 4th place in the rating of the most popular channels. Most of the new network began to be occupied by beauty and health programs, as well as talk shows with the participation of stars: "The Stars came together" and "Million Dollar Secret". According to Timur Weinstein, the lack of own financial resources does not allow to radically change the concept of the channel.

Anonymous documentaries

Since September 2004, as part of the documentary series Emergency. Investigation and several other similar programs featured a number of documentary mini-films of a propaganda and accusatory nature without prior mention in the print programs of the programs.<ref name="izvru">Template:Cite web</ref> In the first three years, such films appeared most often on NTV, rather than on state channels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Almost all of them talked about events and people negatively perceived by the modern Russian government: the case of Yukos and Mikhail Khodorkovsky ("Terrorist attack with prepayment",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "The Man With the Broom",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "The Yukos Brigade",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Murder as a Gift"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>), Mikheil Saakashvili ("Миша"),<ref name="izvru" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Boris Berezovsky,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Viktor Yushchenko, the Russian political opposition ("Who is Ordering Chaos?",<ref name="РС">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Каспаров">Template:Cite web</ref> "The Wrong Thing", "Anatomy of Protest",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Pathology of Protest",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Radio Unfreedom",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Kasyan's Day"), Alexander Lukashenko ("Крёстный батька"),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Евромайдан ("Maidan Technologies").<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Almost all the films were characterized by a sharp falsification of facts and the groundlessness of ideas expressed. Most of these films, except for the very first ones, were released without listing the crew or attribution. They were criticized by the audience,<ref name="РС" /><ref name="Каспаров" /> the public and former NTV employees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010, a protest action was held against NTV in Belarus, the reason for which was the documentary The Godfather, shown on July 4 of that year and criticizing the activities of Alexander Lukashenko.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Commenting on the 2018 NTV 25+ documentary dedicated to the anniversary of NTV, former TV channel presenter Vladimir Kara-Murza Sr. criticized the presentation of information, saying that after 2001, none of the new "bright, talented people" appeared on NTV, and called anonymous documentaries "fraud, leaks, and fakes".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Coverage of events in Ukraine in 2014

Since the start of Euromaidan in 2013, the channel has repeatedly been the target of criticism from other media outlets and in the blogosphere. NTV was accused of distorting events and participating in an anti-Ukrainian propaganda campaign conducted by the Russian authorities, as well as of poor editorial quality, which more than once led to obvious blunders and scandals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="L">Template:Cite web</ref> ТSo, in April 2014, an NTV news report from one of the hospitals in the city of Mykolaiv became widely known, in which a man lying in a hospital bed, identified as Andrei Petkhov, was shown as a "mercenary", a citizen of Germany and "several other countries", who brought 500 thousand euros for the "Right Sector" and was preparing a group out of fifty citizens of Western Europe joined the military actions. As it turned out later, the day before the NTV report, the same man appeared in a report by Independent Sevastopol Television as "a resident of Germany, a pediatric surgeon who saved more than two hundred babies," who "came to support fellow countrymen in the fight against advancing neo-Nazism," and on the day of the NTV report, the same man was featured in the news on the TV channel "Russia-1" as a peaceful anti-Maidan supporter who was seriously injured during the dispersal of a peaceful rally. The BBC Russian Service received a response to its request from the police of the city of Mykolaiv that the hero of the report is actually a citizen of Ukraine. Later, NTV reported that the hero of the report suffers from schizophrenia, and reproached the Western media for trying to convict him of staging, and Andrei Ivanov, the editor-in-chief of the State of Emergency program, blamed the "conditions of the revolution", in which verifying the facts stated by the interviewee is difficult.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Forbes columnist Arina Borodina cited this case as an example of the "amazing story of the propaganda campaign" against Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the spring and autumn of 2014, NTV aired films of a revealing nature<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> without attribution under the title Profession — reporter, in which official Ukrainian authorities and public figures were attacked<ref name="ngru2">Template:Cite web</ref> ("The Princess at the Parasha", "The Secret Life of Vitali Klitschko") or media people from Russia who support Ukraine ("13 друзей хунты",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "17 More Friends of the Junta").<ref name="babchenkoaa">Template:Cite web</ref> In light of the screening of such films, TV critic Irina Petrovskaya noted that "the genre of political denunciation has flourished on TV."».<ref name="ngru3">Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2014, the attention of social media was attracted by an NTV report about a drugged teenager from Krasny Liman named Stas, who was allegedly abducted from his home by soldiers of the Ukrainian National Guard, threatening his parents with firearms, and whom the NTV report called a "living target for missiles." Internet users found out that the NTV report showed Stanislav Petrov, a 12-year-old resident of Krasny Liman, who has mental retardation and a "tendency to vagrancy." Bloggers accused the TV channel of deliberately exploiting the alleged mental disability of a teenager.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Invitation of a TV presenter from Ukraine

In the spring of 2015, a negative reaction from Russian viewers was caused by the appearance on the morning TV show "Coffee with Milk" of Ukrainian TV presenter Daniil Grachev, known for supporting Euromaidan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In his defense, Grachev said that his support for Euromaidan was due to a banal insult, but over the course of the year he revised his attitude to the Ukrainian events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Visual identity

The logo design has remained relatively the same since January 1994, with the НТВ typograph and a ball below the "T".

Logo history

Its first logo in 1993 featured a simple НТВ typograph, but this was replaced with another logo on 17 January 1994, featuring the НТВ typograph with a ball. This would be the template for the succeeding 5 logos. During April 1994, the logo featured a white outline, though still retaining the НТВ typograph, and the ball has a gradient. However, in September 1994, this was replaced with a black-and-white striped outlined logo, with the ball touching the letters.

Over time, the ball would become larger, but since 2001, the ball is smaller. The 1997 logo featured an entirely black and thicker outline, and the ball has a glass feel. In 2001, a similar logo was launched, but with a blue outline and a smaller ball. On 4 June 2007, a new logo was launched, featuring the 2001 logo, but entirely white (except the ball) inside a green box. Logos similar to the current logo, with a larger typograph, are used in idents and promos. In 2010, a variant of the 2007 logo was introduced, but without the green box. It is commonly used as the on-screen bug, changing between it and the green box logo.

The colorful "NTV" logo as well as the iconic green sphere were designed by Simon Levin, the Russian designer, and became a symbol for the new graphic language of television design in Russia.Template:Citation needed

On-screen bug

When it first launched on 10 October 1993, the logo was in the lower right corner. However, on 1 December that same year, the logo moved to the lower left.

See also

Further reading

References

Template:Reflist

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Template:Television in Russia Template:Privatization in Russia Template:RGTRK «Ostankino» Template:Eastern Bloc media Template:Authority control

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