Naskh (script)
NaskhTemplate:Efn is a small, round script of Islamic calligraphy. Naskh is one of the first scripts of Islamic calligraphy to develop, commonly used in writing administrative documents and for transcribing books, including the Qur’an, because of its easy legibility.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Origin
The Naskh style of writing can be found as early as within the first century of the Islamic calendar.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> It was established at this time by order of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan due to the presence of defects in the Kufic script.<ref name=":0" />
Ibn Muqla is credited with standardizing the "Six Pens" of Islamic calligraphy, also including {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=":0" /> These are known as "the proportioned scripts" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or "the six scripts" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Kufic is commonly believed to predate naskh, but historians have traced the two scripts as coexisting long before their codification by Ibn Muqla,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as the two served different purposes.<ref name="MuslimCalligraphy">Template:Cite journal</ref> Kufic was used primarily in decoration, while Naskh served for everyday scribal use.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> The Naskh script is believed to have existed since the first century of the Islamic calendar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Description
The alif is written as a straight stroke, bending to the lower left.<ref name=":0" /> Naskh differentiates various sounds through the use of diacritical points, in the form of 1–3 dots above or below the letter, which makes the script more easily legible.<ref name="MuslimCalligraphy"/> Naskh uses a horizontal base line; in situations where one character starts within the tail of the preceding letter, the base line is broken and raised.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In sixteenth-century Constantinople, Şeyh Hamdullah (1429–1520) redesigned the structure of naskh, along with the other "Six Pens", in order to make the script appear more precise and less heavy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Use
The script is what is normally used electronically and as the default typeface. Examples on typefaces in naskh on Windows (W), iOS (M), Linux (L), and Google Fonts (G):
- Arial(W/M) (Arabic Transparent,(W) Times New Roman)(W/M)
- Simplified Arabic(W)
- Courier New(W/M) (monospace)
- Damascus(M)
- Noto Naskh Arabic(G)
- SF Arabic(M)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Naskh was historically used heavily in the transcription of books and in administrative courtly documents.<ref name=":2" />
Naskh allowed for the development of decorative elements into more supple, rounded designs, away from the common use of squared kufic in decoration. Naskh's use in architecture first began in the tenth century and had been adopted in many Muslim countries by the eleventh century.<ref name=":2" />
Mixed use with Ruqʿah style
- KacstOne(L)
- Arabic Typesetting(W)
- Al Bayan(M)
- DecoType Naskh(M)
- Baghdad(M)
- Geeza Pro(M)
- Nadeem(M)
- Sakkal Majalla(W)
- Traditional Arabic(W)
- Amiri(G)
More recently, fonts, such as the Bulaq Press-inspired Amiri typeface or Monotype Imaging's Bustani font, have created user-friendly digital manifestations of naskh for use in graphic design and digital typography, mixed with Ruqʿah.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Gallery
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14th- or 15th-century Quran with body text in naskh
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Stonepaste dish from 13th-century Iran with a poem in naskh around the rim.
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Basmala in naskh.
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Prayer in naskh, 1252 AH, Vesal-i Shirazi, National Library of Iran.
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The Timurid Quran manuscript, Template:Circa, written in naskh.
See also
- Ruqʿah (the cursive Arabic handwriting)
- Nastaliq
- Arabic, Urdu, other Arabic keyboard layouts
- National Language Authority
- Taʿlīq script