National Police Agency (Japan)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox law enforcement agency
The Template:Nihongo is the central coordinating law enforcement agency of the Japanese police system. Unlike national police in other countries, the NPA does not have any operational units of its own aside from the Imperial Guard; rather, it is responsible for supervising Japan's 47 prefectural police departments and determining their general standards and policies, though it can command police agencies under it in national emergencies or large-scale disasters. It is under the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 2017, the NPA has a strength of approximately 7,800 personnel: 2,100 sworn officers, 900 guards, and 4,800 civilian staff.<ref name="NPAWP">Template:Cite report</ref>
History
Police services of the Empire of Japan were placed under complete centralized control with the Template:Nihongo of the Home Ministry at their core. But after the surrender of Japan, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers regarded this centralized police system as undemocratic.<ref name="NPA1977">Template:Cite book</ref>
During the occupation, the principle of decentralization was introduced by the 1947 Police Law. Cities and large towns had their own Template:Nihongo, and the Template:Nihongo was responsible for smaller towns, villages and rural areas. But most Japanese municipalities were too small to have a large police force, so sometimes they were unable to deal with large-scale violence. In addition, excessive fragmentation of the police organization reduced the efficiency of police activities.<ref name="NPA1977"/>
As a response to these problems, complete restructuring created a more centralized system under the 1954 amended Police Law. All operational units except for the Imperial Guard were reorganized into prefectural police for each prefecture, and the National Police Agency was established as the central coordinating agency for these Police Departments.<ref name="NPA1977"/>
On April 1, 2022, the NPA created the Cyber Affairs Bureau and the National Cyber Unit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2023, the NPA announced that the TAIT (Telecom Scam Allianced Investigation Team) will be established in April 2024 to unify investigation efforts across Japan on fraud cases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since 2022, the number of people coming forward with racial profiling complaints against Japan's National Police Agency has grown.<ref name=tokypoliceforeignerprofilingcontroversy>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=japanresidentsstate>Template:Cite news</ref> Foreigners are acknowledged to have been frequent racial profiling targets, with numerous racial profiling incidents not documented by police.<ref name=tokypoliceforeignerprofilingcontroversy /><ref name=japanresidentsstate />
Organization
Leadership
The Template:Nihongo is the highest ranking police officer of Japan, regarded as an exception to the regular class structure. For the Template:Nihongo, the Senior Commissioner is supplemented. The Template:Nihongo are their staff. The civilian political leadership is provided by the National Public Safety Commission.<ref name="NPA1977"/>
Internal Bureaus
Community Safety Bureau
The Template:Nihongo is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control.<ref name="sikumi">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NPA">Template:Cite web</ref>
This bureau was derived from the Safety Division of the Criminal Affairs Bureau in 1994.<ref name="nichibenren">Template:Cite web</ref>
Criminal Affairs Bureau
The Template:Nihongo is in charge of research statistics and coordination of the criminal investigation of nationally important and international cases.<ref name="sikumi"/>
- (Direct reporting divisions)
- Template:Nihongo
Traffic Bureau
The Template:Nihongo is responsible for traffic policing and regulations. This bureau was derived from the Template:Nihongo (later merged with the Criminal Affairs Bureau; predecessor of the Community Safety Bureau) in 1962 because of the expression indicating a high number of deaths from traffic accidents.<ref name="NPA1977"/><ref name="sikumi"/>
Security Bureau
Template:Main The Template:Nihongo is in charge of the internal security affairs, such as counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism or disaster response.<ref name="NPA1977"/><ref name="sikumi"/>
- (Direct reporting divisions)
- Template:Nihongo
- Template:Nihongo
After the 1996 Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Peru, the Security Bureau established the Terrorism Response Team where officers liaise with foreign law enforcement and intelligence agencies when Japanese interests or nationals are in danger.<ref name="WP">Template:Cite web</ref> It was later reformed to the Terrorism Response Team - Tactical Wing (TRT-2) for Overseas in order to meet with demands to coordinate with foreign police forces in assisting them whenever a terror attack has happened.<ref name="WP"/>
Cyber Affairs bureau
The Template:Nihongo is in charge of policing in cyberspace, combat with cybercrime and cyberterrorism. This bureau was restructured from the Info-Communications Bureau in 2022 by integrating cyber-related divisions in several bureaus.<ref name="asahishihnbbun">Template:Cite web</ref>
Local Branch Bureaus and Departments
Regional Police Bureaus
There are six Template:Nihongo, each responsible for a number of prefectures as below:<ref name="Numbers">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Nihongo
- Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures
- Template:Nihongo
- Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka Prefectures
- Template:Nihongo
- Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures
- Template:Nihongo
- Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures
- Template:Nihongo
- Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures
- Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, and Kochi Prefectures
- Template:Nihongo
- Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures
They are located in major cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of regional police bureaus. Headed by a Senior Commissioner, each regional police bureaus exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.
Police Communications Departments
Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaidō are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and of Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national and local forces. In other area, Police Communications Departments are established within each Regional Police Bureaus.
- Independent Communications Departments
Subsidiary Organs
See also
- Police services of the Empire of Japan
- Law enforcement in Japan
- Public order and internal security in Japan
- Fire and Disaster Management Agency
References
External links
Template:Police Template:Ministries of Japan Template:Authority control