National Rebirth of Poland
Template:Update Template:Infobox political party National Rebirth of Poland (Template:Langx), abbreviated to NOP, is an ultranationalist far-right political party in Poland registered by the District Court in Warsaw and National Electoral Commission. As of the 2015 election, the party had no seats in the Polish parliament. It was a member of the European National Front.
History and politics
National Rebirth of Poland was founded as a nationalist discussion group for young people on 10 November 1981.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It joined the Christian National Union when that party was founded in 1989, before leaving in February 1990.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The NOP registered as a political party in 1992. The party is the only far-right organisation to claim to be a successor to the National Radical Camp Falanga (ONR),<ref>Borejsza et al (2006), p. 359</ref> the pre-war nationalist youth organisation, which was banned in 1934.<ref name="shafir">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Rafał Pankowski and Marcin Kornak. Poland. Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe, Cas Mudde (Editor), pp. 156–183. Routledge, 2005. Template:ISBN</ref>
NOP publishes the magazines Template:Lang (the name of the Polish royal coronation sword), which lists neofascists Derek Holland and Roberto Fiore among the members of its editorial board,<ref name="shafir" /> Template:Lang (National Youth), Template:Lang (The Thought), and Template:Lang (17 – The Civilization of the Times of Trial).
In 2009, NOP membership in Poland was estimated at 1000. NOP also has supporters outside Poland, notably among the Polish American community, including Polish Patriots' Association residing in New York City, and the revisionist Polish Historical Institute in Chicago.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2001, the NOP tried to enter parliamentary politics for the first time. The newly created NOP front organization, the New Forces Alliance (Template:Lang), joined the nationalist electoral bloc, Alternative Social Movement (Template:Lang). Among the NOP candidates were Marcin Radzewicz, the leader of the openly neo-Nazi National Socialist Front (Template:Lang). ARS gained just below 0.5% of the votes, and the alliance was dissolved.<ref name="Cas">Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the NOP received 0.06% of the vote.<ref>Elections 2005 on Gazeta Wyborcza website (en)</ref> In the 2006 self-government regional elections, it received 0.30%, or about 41 000 votes. In the 2007 parliamentary election, the NOP received 42 407 votes in four electoral districts. In the self-government regional elections in 2010, the party received 0.24% of the vote.
In the 2011 parliamentary elections, NOP senate candidate Anetta Stemler, running in the 1st electoral district, received 2934 votes, or 3.10%.
The NOP is known for trying to get media attention with its shock value campaigns.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the 2007 parliamentary election, the NOP distributed election campaign posters with the slogan "Fascism? We are worse."<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Template:AnchorAnother, openly homophobic shock value campaign conducted by the NOP was called Zakaz Pedalowania (the phrase is a pun meaning both "Cycling Forbidden" and "Faggotry Forbidden").<ref>« Zakaz Pedałowania » on NOP's website (pl)</ref> On 17 May 2006 in Toruń, the NOP organized a counter-demonstration against a public LGBT rights supporters' meeting. NOP members chanted slogans, including "gas the queers" (Template:Lang) and "there will be a baton for a queer face" (Template:Lang).<ref>http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session1/PL/AI_POL_UPR_S1_2008anx_EUR%2001_017_2006.pdf Template:Webarchive United Nations Human Rights Council</ref><ref>http://amnesty.org.pl/archiwum/aktualnosci-strona-artykulu/article/4969/71/category/6/neste/1.html?cHash=adf146462f Template:Webarchive Amnesty International Polska</ref>
Antisemitism and racism
The NOP is stated to be an antisemitic organisation by a number of government bodies, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions and individual experts worldwide, such as the United States Department of State,<ref>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 Template:Webarchive, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor US State Dept.</ref><ref>International Religious Freedom Report 2007 US State Dept.</ref> and the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, the NOP is promoting violent forms of neo-fascism and antisemitism, including Holocaust denial.<ref>Poland 2006 Template:Webarchive, by Stephen Roth Institute</ref> According to the British historian, Dr John Pollard, neo-Nazi elements in the NOP and their racism and homophobia continue to give rise to concern in other member countries of the European Union.<ref>John Pollard ‘Clerical Fascism’: Context, Overview and Conclusion in: Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 11, June 2007</ref> NOP actions were also condemned by the Anti-Defamation League, which claims that the NOP is an openly anti-Semitic extremist organization.<ref>Poland: Democracy and the Challenge of Extremism Template:Webarchive, by Anti-Defamation League, 2006</ref> According to the magazine The Warsaw voice, the manifesto of the National Revival of Poland, which contains a sentence stating that "Jews will be removed from Poland, and their possessions will be confiscated", is taken directly from Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf.<ref name="voice">RACE: Fighting Fascism Template:Webarchive, Warsaw Voice, 31 July 2003</ref> The magazine also claims that the official greeting gesture used in the party is the Nazi-like gesture of the raised arm.<ref name="voice"/>
A number of NOP-related incidents received some media coverage in Poland and abroad. According to the European Roma Rights Centre, on July 3, 1998, NOP supporters vandalised the Roma community centre in Łódź. Along with racist graffiti, swastikas were sprayed onto the office walls. The perpetrators also left behind their signature as Template:Lang. During the same night, the same group reportedly vandalised the premises of the Jehovah's Witnesses religious group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In March 2000, in Łódź, swastikas and the slogan "Jews out!" along with NOP symbols were spray-painted on the home of Marek Edelman, who was the deputy commander in the Warsaw Ghetto uprising and the last of the leaders of the uprising still alive. The incident was condemned by the president and prime minister of Poland, who sent Edelman letters of support and apology.<ref>Anti-Semitic Incidents – March 2000 Template:Webarchive, by the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>
NOP front organization National-Radical Institute (Template:Lang, INR) was involved in publishing Western and Polish Holocaust denial literature. In 1997, INR published a volume of translated works of Western Holocaust deniers under the title The Myth of the Holocaust.<ref name="shafir"/> The same year, INR announced that there were no exterminations in gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.<ref name="shafir"/><ref name="kwiet">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2006, the NOP was involved in campaigning to free convicted British Holocaust denier David Irving from prison in Austria, and produced a poster containing the slogan "Template:Lang" ("David Irving – Free the truth".<ref name="davidirvingsupport">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>)
The party also expressed support for the bombing of Israel at the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with a poster image stating, "Template:Lang" ("Bombs against Israel – it's about time!!!").<ref name="bombyizrael"/> On August 13, 2006, NOP leader Adam Gmurczyk published a declaration on behalf of the NOP Executive Council titled "Template:Lang" ("Israel must be destroyed!"), calling for the international military takeover of Israel, and offering to put administrative control of Jerusalem in the hands of Pope Benedict XVI and his successors.<ref name="gmurczykizraelniszc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On April 14, 2007, in Kraków, antisemitic slogans were shouted and fascist-like gestures made by the participants of an NOP demonstration. Investigations by the Public Prosecutor's Office were discontinued on November 26, 2007, as no perpetrators were identified and the case was not classified as an offense.<ref>« Anti-Semitic Incidents In Poland », The Jewish Press, March 26, 2008</ref>
Election results
Elections
In 2001, the NOP tried to enter parliamentary politics for the first time. The newly created NOP front organization, the New Forces Alliance (Template:Lang), joined the nationalist electoral bloc, Alternative Social Movement (Template:Lang). Among the NOP candidates were Marcin Radzewicz, the leader of the openly neo-Nazi National Socialist Front (Template:Lang). ARS gained just below 0.5% of the votes, and the alliance was dissolved.Template:Cn
In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the NOP received 0.06% of the vote. In the 2006 self-government regional elections, it received 0.30%, or about 41 000 votes. In the 2007 parliamentary election, the NOP received 42 407 votes in four electoral districts. In the self-government regional elections in 2010, the party received 0.24% of the vote.
In the 2011 parliamentary elections, NOP senate candidate Anetta Stemler, running in the 1st electoral district, received 2934 votes, or 3.10%. She failed to win the Senate seat. After the 2011 parliamentary elections, NOP did not take part in any further elections; be it to Sejm, Senate or even local.
| Election year | # of votes |
% of vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 54,266 | 0.42 | Template:Composition bar | |
| 2005 | 7,376 | 0.06 | Template:Composition bar | |
| 2006 | 41,000 | 0.30 | Template:Composition bar | |
| 2007 | 42,407 | 0.30 | Template:Composition bar | |
| 2010 | ? | 0.24 | Template:Composition bar | |
| 2011 | 2,934 | 0.02 | Template:Composition bar |
In the 2020 Polish presidential election, NOP recommended a boycott of the vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 2025 Polish presidential election, NOP endorsed Grzegorz Braun.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- NOP - official website
- National Rebirth of Poland - presentation of the movement
- Nacjonalista.pl - news portal related to NOP
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