Nephritis
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Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.<ref>Keto Acids – Advances in Research and Application 2013 Edition p.220e</ref> It is one of several different types of nephropathy.
Types
- Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Glomerulonephritis is often implied when using the term "nephritis" without qualification.<ref name="nih2">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Interstitial nephritis (or tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is inflammation of the spaces between renal tubules.<ref name="nih1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Causes
Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Lupus nephritis is inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Athletic nephritis is nephritis resulting from strenuous exercise.<ref name="esagil">Template:Cite web</ref> Bloody urine after strenuous exercise may also result from march hemoglobinuria, which is caused by trauma to red blood cells, causing their rupture, which leads to the release of hemoglobin into the urine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Mechanism
Nephritis can produce glomerular injury, by disturbing the glomerular structure with inflammatory cell proliferation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This can lead to reduced glomerular blood flow, leading to reduced urine output (oliguria)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and retention of waste products (uremia).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, red blood cells may leak out of damaged glomeruli, causing blood to appear in the urine (hematuria).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Low renal blood flow activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), causing fluid retention and mild hypertension.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As the kidneys inflame, they begin to excrete needed protein from the affected individual's body into the urine stream. This condition is called proteinuria.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Loss of necessary protein due to nephritis can result in several life-threatening symptoms. The most serious complication of nephritis can occur if there is significant loss of the proteins that keep blood from clotting excessively. Loss of these proteins can result in blood clots, causing sudden stroke.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Diagnosis
The diagnosis depends on the cause of the nephritis, and in the case of lupus nephritis, blood tests, X-rays and an ultrasound can help ascertain if the individual has the condition.<ref name="guide">Template:Cite web</ref>
Treatment
Treatment (or management) of nephritis depends on what has provoked the inflammation of the kidney(s). In the case of lupus nephritis, hydroxychloroquine could be used.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Prevalence
Nephritis represents the ninth-most-common cause of death among all women in the US (and the fifth leading cause among non-Hispanic black women).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Worldwide, the highest ratesTemplate:Clarify of nephritis are 50–55% for African or Asian descent followed by Hispanic at 43% and Caucasian at 17%.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The average age of an individual diagnosed with kidney inflammation (in this case, lupus nephritis) is 28.4 years old.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
See also
References
External links
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