Nessun dorma

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Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Redirect Template:Infobox musical composition Template:Use dmy dates "Template:Lang" (Template:IPA; 'Let no one sleep')<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is an aria from the final act of Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's opera Turandot (text by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) and one of the best-known tenor arias in all opera. It is sung by Calaf, Template:Lang (the unknown prince), who falls in love at first sight with the beautiful but cold Princess Turandot. Any man who wishes to wed Turandot must first answer her three riddles; if he fails, he will be beheaded. In the aria, Calaf expresses his triumphant assurance that he will win the princess.

Although "Nessun dorma" had long been a staple of operatic recitals, Luciano Pavarotti popularised the piece beyond the opera world in the 1990s following his performance of it for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, which captivated a global audience.<ref name="FIFA"/> Both Pavarotti and Plácido Domingo released singles of the aria, with Pavarotti's reaching number 2 in the UK,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and it appeared on the best-selling classical album of all time, The Three Tenors in Concert.<ref name="3 Tenors">Classical Music Magazine, vol. 17, p. 39 (1994).Template:Full citation needed "And then there's the Three Tenors phenomenon: The London recording from the 1990 concert became the biggest-selling classical album of all time, having now topped 10-million units throughout the world..."</ref> The Three Tenors, which includes José Carreras, performed the aria at three subsequent FIFA World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama.<ref name="FIFA"/> Since 1990, many crossover artists have performed and recorded it. The aria has been sung often in films and on television.

Context and analysis

In the act before this aria, Calaf has correctly answered the three riddles put to all of Princess Turandot's prospective suitors. Nonetheless, she recoils at the thought of marriage to him. Calaf offers her another chance by challenging her to guess his name by dawn. As he kneels before her, the "Nessun dorma" theme makes a first appearance, to his words, "Template:Lang" (My name you do not know!). She can execute him if she correctly guesses his name; but if she does not, she must marry him. The cruel and emotionally cold princess then decrees that none of her subjects shall sleep that night until his name is discovered. If they fail, all will be killed.

As the final act opens, it is now night. Calaf is alone in the moonlit palace gardens. In the distance, he hears Turandot's heralds proclaiming her command. His aria begins with an echo of their cry and a reflection on Princess Turandot: Template:Listen

<poem>Template:Lang</poem> <poem>None shall sleep! None shall sleep!

Not even you, oh Princess, in your cold bedroom, watching the stars that tremble with love, and with hope!</poem>

<poem>Template:Lang</poem> <poem>But my secret is hidden within me;

no one will know my name! No, no! On your mouth, I will say it when the light shines!</poem>

<poem>Template:Lang</poem> <poem>And my kiss will dissolve

the silence that makes you mine!</poem>

Just before the climactic end of the aria, a chorus of women is heard singing in the distance:

<poem>Template:Lang</poem> <poem>No one will know his name,

and we will have to, alas, die, die!</poem>

Calaf, now certain of victory, sings:

<poem>Template:Lang</poem> <poem>Vanish, o night!

Fade, you stars! Fade, you stars! At dawn, I will win! I will win! I will win!</poem>

In typical performance style, the final "Vincerò!" features a sustained [[scientific pitch notation|BTemplate:Sub]], followed by the final note, an ATemplate:Sub sustained even longer—although Puccini's score did not explicitly specify that either note be sustained.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the original score, the B is written as a sixteenth note while the A is written as a whole note. Both are high notes in the tenor range.

In Alfano's completion of act 3, the "Nessun dorma" theme makes a final triumphal appearance at the end of the opera. The theme also makes a concluding reappearance in Luciano Berio's later completion (this having been an expressed intention of Puccini), but in a more subdued orchestration.Template:Or?

Recordings

"Nessun dorma", sung by some of the most famous interpreters of Calaf, appears on the following compilation recordings (for full-length recordings of the opera, see Turandot discography):

Cultural references and adaptations

Luciano Pavarotti

"Nessun dorma" achieved pop status after Luciano Pavarotti's 1972 recording of it was used as the theme song of BBC television's coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy.<ref name="World Cup">Template:Cite news</ref> It subsequently reached no. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">"Nessun Dorma put football back on map", The Telegraph, 7 September 2007 (accessed 24 September 2015)</ref> Although Pavarotti rarely sang the role of Calaf on stage, "Nessun dorma" became his signature aria and a sporting anthem in its own right, especially for football.<ref name="World Cup"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Pavarotti notably sang the aria during the first Three Tenors concert on the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final in Rome. For an encore, he performed the aria again, taking turns with José Carreras and Plácido Domingo. The image of three tenors in full formal dress singing in a World Cup concert captivated the global audience.<ref name="FIFA"/> The album of the concert achieved triple platinum record status in the United States alone<ref name="USCert3Ts">Template:Cite certification</ref> and went on to outsell all other classical recordings worldwide.<ref name="3 Tenors" /> The number became a regular feature of subsequent Three Tenors concerts, and they performed it at three subsequent FIFA World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama.<ref name="FIFA">Template:Cite book</ref>

Pavarotti gave a rendition of "Nessun dorma" at his final performance, the finale of the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, although it was later revealed that he had lip-synched the specially pre-recorded performance as it was too cold for him to sing live.<ref>"Pavarotti, Revered Even When Lip-Synching", The New York Times, 7 April 2008 (accessed 7 April 2008)</ref> His Decca recording of the aria was played at his funeral during the flypast by the Italian Air Force.<ref>BBC News coverage of Pavarotti's final performance (accessed 8 October 2007); BBC News coverage of Pavarotti's funeral (accessed 8 October 2007)</ref> In 2013, the track was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.<ref>Template:Cite certification</ref> The track was remixed in 2024 by Timmy Trumpet and Steve Aoki.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Crossover and adapted versions

"Nessun dorma" (often in adapted versions of the score) has been performed by many pop and crossover singers and instrumentalists.

"Nessun dorma" is featured prominently in various films,<ref name="High Note">Blank, Christopher (13 October 2007). "High Note", Commercial Appeal</ref> including Yes, Giorgio (1982),<ref>Maslin, Janet (24 September 1982). "Pavarotti in 'Giorgio'". The New York Times</ref> The Killing Fields (1984),<ref>Stephen Holden, "Eloquent Movies With Eloquent Soundtracks", The New York Times, 30 January 1994</ref> Aria (1987),<ref>Richard Corliss, Opera for The Inoperative, Time, 2 May 1988.</ref> New York Stories (1989),<ref>LoBrutto, Vincent (2008). Martin Scorsese: A Biography, p. 293.Greenwood Publishing Group. Template:ISBN</ref> The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996),<ref>Jay Carr, Barbra Streisand looks into her 'Mirror' and discovers she's still a funny girl, The Boston Globe, 10 November 1996.</ref> Bend It Like Beckham (2002),<ref name="High Note"/> The Sum of All Fears (also 2002),<ref>Gloria Goodale, Sum signals change since 9/11, The Christian Science Monitor, 31 May 2002</ref> Chasing Liberty (2004),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Sea Inside (also 2004),<ref>Nelson Pressley, 'The Sea Inside': A Quest for Death, The Washington Post, 17 December 2004; Page C05</ref> No Reservations (2007),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Goon (2011),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and The Upside (2017)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

"Nessun dorma" is also the name of a football podcast (hosted by The Guardian journalist Lee Calvert) that celebrates 1980s and 1990s football.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

References

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