Nicolaas Bloembergen

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.<ref name="death">Template:Cite web</ref> During his career, he was a professor at Harvard University and later at the University of Arizona and at Leiden University in 1973 (as Lorentz Professor).

Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their work "has had a profound effect on our present knowledge of the constitution of matter" through the use of laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new field of science we now call non-linear optics" by mixing "two or more beams of laser light... in order to produce laser light of a different wave length" and thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band.<ref name="Nobel"/>

Early life

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on March 11, 1920, where his father was a chemical engineer and executive.<ref name="Nobel">Nobel Foundation 1981 Nobel Presentation Speech by Professor Ingvar Lindgren Template:Webarchive</ref> He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later becoming a legal scholar.<ref name=histor>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1938, Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht to study physics. However, during World War II, the German authorities closed the university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.<ref name="Nobel"/>

Career

Graduate studies

Template:Main Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.<ref name="EMP">Template:Cite book</ref> Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of J. J. Thomson, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, 1904), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel 1908), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel 1952).<ref name="ADS"/> Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, 1977) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, 1946).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).<ref name="EMP"/> Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine. At Harvard he attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.<ref name="Nobel"/> Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.<ref name="UUS"/> Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in 1953 and are the predecessors of lasers.<ref name="Medi">Template:Cite web</ref>

Bloembergen returned to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the University of Leiden.<ref name="NMR">Template:Cite journal</ref> This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.<ref name="NMR"/> He received his Ph.D. degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year.<ref name="Nobel"/>

Professorship

In 1949, he returned to Harvard as a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows.<ref name="ADS"/> In 1951, he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in 1957; Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1980.<ref name="IEEE">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1990 he retired from Harvard.<ref name="IEEE"/>

In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor. From 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name="Nobel"/> In 1996–1997, he was a visiting scientist at the college of optical sciences of the University of Arizona; he became a professor at Arizona in 2001.<ref>OSC Faculty Nicolaas Bloembergen Template:Webarchive</ref>

Bloembergen was a member of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and honorary editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.<ref>World Scientific. Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials. Journal Editorial Board.</ref>

Laser spectroscopy

Template:Main By 1960 while at Harvard, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy.<ref name="Medi"/> Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes,<ref name="Laser">Template:Cite web</ref> and in 1956, Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.<ref name="NMR"/>

With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in 1961, Bloembergen studied how a new structure of matter is revealed, when one bombards matter with a focused and high-intensity beam of photons. This he termed the study of nonlinear optics. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high. We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain".<ref name="UUS">Template:Cite web</ref>

From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy.<ref name="Medi"/>

Personal life and death

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in 1948 while on vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able to travel with him to the United States in 1949 on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam.<ref name="nobel bio"/> They were both naturalized as citizens of the United States in 1958.<ref name="IEEE"/> They had three children.<ref name="nobel bio">Template:Cite web</ref>

Bloembergen died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living facility in his hometown Tucson, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of 97.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Biography

In 2016 a Dutch biography<ref name=biogd>Template:Cite book</ref> was published, and in 2019 an English one.<ref name=engbio>Template:Cite book</ref>

Awards and honors

Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy".<ref name="Laser"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Nico 2006 Tucson Wiki (cropped).png
Bloembergen in 2006

Legacy

On March 11, 2020, the day of Bloembergen's 100th birthday, a team of researchers at the University of New South Wales published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent control of the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields, an idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in 1961.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

References

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