North Platte River
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox river
The North Platte River is a major tributary of the Platte River and is approximately Template:Convert long, counting its many curves.<ref name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed March 21, 2011</ref> In a straight line, it travels about Template:Convert, along its course through the U.S. states of Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.
The head of the river is essentially all of Jackson County, Colorado, whose boundaries are the continental divide on the west and south and the mountain drainage peaks on the east—the north boundary is the state of Wyoming border. The rugged Rocky Mountains surrounding Jackson County have at least twelve peaks over Template:Convert in height. From Jackson County the river flows north about Template:Convert out of the Routt National Forest and North Park (Colorado basin) near what is now Walden, Colorado, to Casper, Wyoming. Shortly after passing Casper, the river turns to the east-southeast and flows about Template:Convert to the city of North Platte, Nebraska.
The North Platte and South Platte River join to form the Platte River in western Nebraska near the city of North Platte, Nebraska. The Platte River flows to the Missouri River, which joins the Mississippi River to flow to the Gulf of Mexico. The river provides the major avenue of drainage for northern Colorado, eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska. It is only navigable over most of its length at high water by canoes, kayaks and rubber rafts.
History as a trail west
Template:External media The North Platte River drainage has been an important westward route in the westward expansion of the United States. To get the two essentials, water and grass, for the traveler's animals the emigration trails nearly always followed river valleys across the North American continent. These trails extended from the Missouri River, Platte River and North Platte River across Nebraska and parts of Wyoming and on to its confluence with the Sweetwater River. About Template:Convert beyond what is now Casper, Wyoming the main emigration trails left the North Platte valley and followed the Sweetwater River valley and other river valleys going further west.<ref name="northplattelodge.com">North Platte between Casper, WY and Pathfinder Reservoir Template:Webarchive Accessed January 18, 2023</ref>
The trail route along the North Platte River was first written about by Wilson Price Hunt of the Astor Expedition who was traveling back to the Missouri River from the newly established Fort Astoria on the Columbia River in 1811. The lack of American trappers and settlers in the contested Oregon Territory resulted in this early discovery being unused and nearly forgotten. Jedediah Smith and several trappers in 1823 rediscovered the route and the trail along the Platte, North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers became a major trail to the fur trader’s summer time Rocky Mountain Rendezvous. Mule trains carrying in trading supplies for the mountain men and fur trappers were some of the first to use the trail in 1824. The fur traders on their return trip carried the traded furs back east at the end of the summer trading season. This fur trade route continued to be used to about 1840. By about 1832 the trail along the Platte, North Platte, and Sweetwater Rivers had been improved by the fur traders to a rough wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Green River in Wyoming where most of the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous occurred. Following the fur traders, the major emigration trails established along the north and south banks of the North Platte River were the Oregon (1843–1869), California (1843–1869), Mormon (1847–1869) and the Bozeman (1863–68) Trails. The trails north of the North Platte River originally crossed the North Platte near Fort Laramie to join the original Oregon and California Trail Route on the south side. In 1850 Child's Route (Child's Cutoff)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> extended the north side trail to what is now Casper, Wyoming. The rugged territory from Fort Laramie, Wyoming to Casper meant that the trails often deviated from the river to find an easier path and relied on streams draining into the North Platte for water.<ref name="wyohistory1">Template:Cite web</ref>
River description
Up in central north Colorado rests North Park (Colorado basin), a valley ringed by Template:Convert mountains. The headwaters of the river is essentially all of Jackson County, Colorado whose boundaries are the continental divide on the west and south and the mountain drainage peaks on the east—the north boundary is the state of Wyoming boundary. The rugged Rocky Mountains Continental Divide surrounding Jackson County have at least twelve peaks over Template:Convert in height. These peaks include on the west: Mount Zirkel Template:Convert, Lost ranger Peak Template:Convert and Mount Ethel Template:Convert; on the south: Sheep Mountain Template:Convert and Parkview Mountain Template:Convert—whose waters on the south or east side drain into the North Platte River drainage. On the east are: Mount Nimbus Template:Convert, Mount Cumulus Template:Convert, Howard Mountain Template:Convert, Mount Cirrus Template:Convert, Mount Richthofen Template:Convert, Lead Mountain Template:Convert, North Diamond Peak Template:Convert and Clark Peak Template:Convert whose eastern slope waters drain into the North Platte River.<ref>Google Earth--Jackson County Colorado. Google earth shows the boundaries (the continental divide) and peaks surrounding Jackson county. August 23, 2011</ref>
In Jackson county the North Platte is joined by several other small streams draining the mountains around the county. Some of these creeks are: Arapaho Creek, Colorado Creek, East Branch Illinois River, Jack Creek, Jewell Lake Trib., Grizzly Creek, Little Grizzly Creek, Norris Creek, North Fork of North Platte River, Rock Creek (Little Willow Ck), South Fork Canadian River, South Fork Michigan River, Willow Creek and in Wyoming the Encampment River.<ref>Google earth shows--Jackson county satellite views of rivers and streams reasonably well as long as they are reasonably large. To get names of rivers and streams use the free wilderness.net Western Preservation topographic maps (topo option)[1] Template:Webarchive Accessed 23 Aug 2011</ref> All these streams are draining the snow melt form the mountains surrounding Jackson County. The North Platte River flows northward from Colorado into Wyoming through the popular rafting site – Northgate Canyon<ref>Northgate Canyon Accessed January 18, 2023</ref> which is along the western side of the Medicine Bow Mountains.
In Colorado and Wyoming, the river is narrower and much swifter flowing than it is in Nebraska, where it becomes a slow flowing, shallow braided stream. The upper reaches of the river in the Rockies in Colorado and Wyoming are popular for recreation rafting and fly fishing on the river and its many tributaries for rainbow trout and other sport fish. In western Nebraska, the banks and riverbed of the North Platte provide a green oasis amid an otherwise semi-arid region of North America.
The river has been dammed several times to form several reservoirs along its course. On the north end of the Park range it is joined by the Medicine Bow River in the Seminoe Reservoir formed by Seminoe Dam, further downstream is the Kortes Reservoir.<ref>Kortes Reservoir/Miracle Mile Area Accessed January 18, 2023</ref> Still further downstream about Template:Convert above Casper the North Platte is joined by the Sweetwater River to form the Pathfinder Reservoir.<ref name="northplattelodge.com"/> Northeast of the Pathfinder Reservoir it passes through the Alcova<ref>Alcova Reservoir Accessed January 18, 2023</ref> and Gray Reef<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> reservoirs before it hits Casper. Casper was established in 1888 east of the former site of Fort Caspar, which was built about 1859 during the mass migration along the Oregon, California, Mormon and Bozeman trails.<ref name="whf">Template:Cite book</ref> Near what is now Casper was the location of several ferries that offered passage across the North Platte River during the summer "Trail season" starting about 1847. In 1847, during the first Mormon emigration, Brigham Young leading the Mormon settlers to Salt Lake City, Utah established a ferry near present-day Casper known as the Mormon Ferry.<ref>Mormon Ferry Accessed January 18, 2023</ref> The next year the ferry was moved a few miles down river. Soon competing ferries were built. In 1859, Louis Guinard built a toll bridge across the North Platte and a trading post near the original ferry's locations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Before reaching Casper the river turns and flows northeast between the Granite Mountains to the west and the Laramie Mountains to the east.
The North Platte emerges from the mountains near Casper, where it turns and flows east-southeast, along the northern edge of the Laramie Mountains onto the Great Plains. The North Platte flows east-southeast across the plains of eastern Wyoming, past the town of Douglas, Wyoming and through Glendo and Guernsey Reservoirs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It then flows past the Fort Laramie National Historic Site (the former site of Fort Laramie), where it is joined by the Laramie River. The North Platte is joined by Horse Creek flowing in from Wyoming near the Wyoming-Nebraska border as its last significant addition. It crosses into western Nebraska, flowing east-southeast between the cities of Scottsbluff, Nebraska and Gering, Nebraska. In Keith County, Nebraska, the Kingsley Dam forms Lake C.W. McConaughy, the largest reservoir in Nebraska and a significant irrigation and recreation facility for the region. Kingsley Dam, constructed in 1935 to 1941, is located on the east side of Lake McConaughy in central Keith County, Nebraska, and is the second largest hydraulic fill dam in the world.<ref name=Facts>Template:Cite web</ref> East of the Kingsley dam the North Platte River flows nearly parallel to the South Platte River. In many places they are separated by only about 5 mi (8 km) for a stretch of about 50 mi (80 km) before they join to form the Platte River just east of the city of North Platte, Nebraska.
The wagon trails following the south side of the Platte/North Platte River ferried or waded in low water years across the South Platte River in several places to stay on the south side of the North Platte River where the trails were located. Those who later went on to Denver, Colorado followed the South Platte River trail into Colorado. Historically, the North Platte River used to be up to a mile wide (1.6 km) in many places as evidenced by the old streambed and written records. Today, by the time the North Platte reaches Paxton, Nebraska it is much smaller due to the extensive water taken from it for irrigation.
See also
- List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
- List of rivers of Colorado
- List of rivers of Wyoming
- List of rivers of Nebraska
- Lisco, Nebraska
References
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- Rivers of Carbon County, Wyoming
- Bodies of water of Converse County, Wyoming
- Rivers of Goshen County, Wyoming
- Rivers of Jackson County, Colorado
- Rivers of Lincoln County, Nebraska
- Rivers of Morrill County, Nebraska
- Rivers of Natrona County, Wyoming
- Mormon Trail
- Oregon Trail
- Rivers of Colorado
- Rivers of Nebraska
- Rivers of Wyoming
- Tributaries of the North Platte River
- Tributaries of the Platte River