Northwest Airlines Flight 255

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox aircraft occurrence On August 16, 1987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Northwest Airlines Flight 255, crashed shortly after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, about 8:46 pm EDT (00:46 UTC August 17), resulting in the deaths of all six crew members and 148 of the 149 passengers, along with two people on the ground. The sole survivor was a 4-year-old girl named Cecelia Cichan, who sustained serious injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was the flight deck crew's failure to set flaps and slats for takeoff. A contributing factor was a lack of power to the aircraft's central aural warning system, which prevented the takeoff warning system from providing an audio alert to the crew of the improper takeoff configuration.

Background

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a twin-engined McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (registration number N312RC), a derivative of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and part of the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series of aircraft.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} - Copy at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University.</ref>Template:Reference page The jet was manufactured in 1981, entered service with Republic Airlines, and was acquired by Northwest Airlines in its merger with Republic in 1986. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217 turbofan engines.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

Crew

Two pilots and four flight attendants crewed Flight 255.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page The captain was John R. Maus, 57, from Las Vegas, Nevada, and David J. Dodds, 35, from Galena, Illinois.<ref name="Russ" />

Maus had logged 20,859 flight hours in his career, with 1,359 of those on the McDonnell Douglas MD-80. He had continuously worked for the airline and its predecessors for 31 years, during which time he had also flown the Fairchild F-27, Boeing 727, Boeing 757, and McDonnell Douglas DC-9.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page Other pilots who had flown with Maus described him as a "competent and capable pilot" who had a reputation for operating "by the book."<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

Dodds had 8,044 flight hours, with 1,604 on the MD-82, and had continuously worked for the airline and its predecessors for more than 8 years. Captains with whom Dodds had flown graded him as average or above average, describing him as competent, thorough, personable, easy to work with, and not hesitant to call out potential problems to senior pilots.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

Schedule

The flight crew began their workday on August 16, 1987, scheduled to operate the accident aircraft together for a total of four flight segments. The first leg, operating as Northwest Flight 750, was from Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport to MBS International Airport in Saginaw, Michigan. From there, the same flight crew and aircraft continued as Flight 255, with scheduled stops at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Romulus, Michigan; Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in Arizona; and the final destination at John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, California. Other than a minor problem taxiing to the arrival gate, the flight from Saginaw to Detroit was uneventful. During the stopover at Detroit, a Northwest Airlines mechanic inspected the aircraft and the logbook.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

Accident

File:Northwest Airlines 255 flight path.jpg

NTSB diagram of Flight 255's takeoff and crash

At roughly 20:32 EDT, Flight 255 departed the gate in Detroit with 149 passengers (including 21 children) and six crew members.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page At pushback, the total weight of the airliner was Template:Convert, just under the maximum allowable weight of Template:Convert.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page

At 20:34:50, Flight 255 was cleared for taxi to runway 3C (center). The crew was also informed about the update of the automatic terminal information service information, to which Dodds reported on weather data update. At 20:35:43, the ground controller instructed to use taxiway C and switch to frequency 119.45 MHz to communicate with another controller. Dodds acknowledged the instructions to follow the taxiways, but did not repeat the new frequency and did not tune the radio to it. The dispatch packet provided by the airline included takeoff performance data based on using runways 21L or 21R, but the flight was cleared for takeoff on Detroit's runway 3C, the shortest available runway. The flight crew had to reconfigure the on-board computer for taking off on runway 3C. Dodds also recalculated the allowable takeoff weight for the flight, and concluded the weight of the aircraft was within this limit. In the process of taxiing, Flight 255 missed the required turn, so Dodds contacted the ground controller and received instructions on how to proceed to runway 3C, and also to switch to 119.45 MHz. Dodds again acknowledged the instructions and this time acknowledged the new frequency and switched to it. The second ground controller specified the route to runway 3C. The crew also received a brief weather report.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

At 20:42:11, Flight 255 was instructed to position and hold at the beginning of runway 3C. The controller advised that a 3-minute delay was needed to allow the wake turbulence from the previous aircraft that had taken off to dissipate. At 20:44:04, Flight 255 was cleared for takeoff.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page

Flight 255 made its takeoff roll on Detroit's runway 3C at 20:44:21, with Maus at the controls, as recorded on the aircraft's cockpit voice recorder (CVR):<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page

Partial transcript of Northwest Airlines Flight 255's CVR (Times are expressed in EDT; full transcript in appendix B)<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page<ref name="tailstrike.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation			CitationClass=web }}</ref>
* = Unintelligible word; () = Questionable text; (()) = Commentary; — = Break in continuity; Shading = Radio communication
Time	Source	Content
20:43:48	Detroit tower (to 594CC)	Citation five ninety four Charlie Charlie, metro tower. Winds three zero zero at thirteen, runway three right, cleared to land. Where are you parking on the field?
20:43:55	594CC (to Detroit tower)	Three zero zero at one three, and we'll be going to page avjet.
20:43:59	Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 766)	Northwest seven sixty six, contact ground one two one point eight.
20:44:04	Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 255)	Northwest two fifty five runway three center, turn right heading zero six zero, cleared for takeoff.
20:44:08	First officer (to Detroit tower)	Right to zero six zero, cleared to go, northwest two fifty five.
20:44:12	Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 185)	Northwest one eighty five metro tower three center taxi into position and hold you have about three minutes two to three minutes on the runway.
20:44:17	Northwest Airlines Flight 185 (to Detroit tower)	Okay, position and hold, northwest one eighty five.
20:44:14.8	((Sound similar to parking brake released))
20:44:21	((Sound of increasing engine power))
20:44:28	Captain	Won't stay on.Template:Efn
20:44:29.1	((Sound of click))
20:44:30	First officer	Won't go on?
20:44:31	Captain	But they won't stay on—
20:44:32	First officer	Okay power's normal.
20:44:38	Detroit tower (to Northwest Airlines Flight 1466)	Northwest fourteen sixty six, metro tower, traffic you're following is a very short final, runway three left, cleared to land. Winds three zero zero at one three.
20:44:38.8	((Sound of click))
20:44:39	Captain	TCITemplate:Efn was un-set.
20:44:39.8	((Sound of click))
20:44:42	First officer	Can you get 'em now? There you go.
20:44:43	First officer	They're on nowTemplate:Efn and clamped.Template:Efn
20:44:45.6	First officer	Hundred knots.
20:44:46.2	Captain	Kay.
20:44:51	Northwest Airlines Flight 1466 (to Detroit tower)	Northwest fourteen sixty six, so far that's approved; I'll advise different.
20:44:55	Captain	Fuck. ((Sound of laugh))
20:44:57.1	First officer	V1
20:44:57.7	First officer	Rotate.
20:44:59.1	((Sound similar to nose gear strut extension))
20:45:02.7	((Sound similar to nose wheel spinning down))
20:45:05.1	((Sound of stick shaker starts and continues until the end of tape)).
20:45:09.1	((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.4	((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:11.9	Voice unidentified	(* right up to the V-bar.)
20:45:14.3	((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:15.7	Captain	(Ah) fuck.
20:45:17.1	((Sound of secondary stall recognition aural warning starts))
20:45:18	102UM (to Detroit tower)	Metro tower, lifeguard copter one zero two Uniform Mike is, ah...
20:45:19.3	((Sound of first impact))
20:45:19.7	((Sound of second impact))
20:45:22.7	((Sound of third impact))
Voice unidentified		*
20:45:23.1	((Sound of fourth impact))
20:45:24.2	((Sound of fifth impact))
20:45:24.4	((Sound of sixth impact))
20:45:24.6	((Sound of seventh impact))
20:45:24.7	((End of recording))

The plane lifted off the runway at Template:Convert, and began to roll from side to side<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page just under Template:Convert above the ground. The MD-82's rate of climb was greatly reduced as a result of the flaps not being extended,<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Rp and about Template:Convert past the end of runway 3C, the plane's left wing struck a light pole in an airport rental car lot.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page The impact caused the left wing to start disintegrating and catch fire.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page The plane rolled 90° to the left, striking the roof of an Avis Car Rental building. The now uncontrolled plane crashed inverted onto Middlebelt Road and struck vehicles just north of its intersection with Wick Road, killing two people on the ground in a car. It then broke apart, with the fuselage skidding across the road, disintegrating and bursting into flames as it hit a Norfolk Southern railroad overpass and the overpass of eastbound Interstate 94.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report"/>Template:Reference page<ref name="flight255info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Casualties

All 6 crew members and 148 of the 149 passengers were killed in the accident.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page Of the passengers who died, 21 were children, the youngest being 6 months old.Template:Citation needed Many of the passengers were from the Phoenix metropolitan area; one of them was Nick Vanos, an NBA center for the Phoenix Suns.<ref name="f493">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Among the deceased were five foreigners: three Britons, one Bahamian and one Guyanese.Template:Citation needed Two motorists on nearby Middlebelt Road also died and five people on the ground were injured, one seriously. The bodies were moved to the Northwest hangar at the airport, which served as a temporary morgue.<ref name="Ray">Template:Cite book</ref>

The sole survivor of the crash was Cecelia Cichan, a four-year-old girl from Tempe, Arizona, who was returning home alongside her mother, Paula, father, Michael, and a six-year-old brother, David, after visiting relatives in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wilkerson19870822">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Romulus firemen found Cichan still belted in her seat, which was faced down. She was found several feet from the bodies of her family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Believing that no one on the aircraft could have survived, officials at first announced that Cichan was an automobile passenger.Template:R She sustained third-degree burns and fractures to her skull, collarbone, and left leg.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page After the accident, Cichan moved to live with her maternal aunt and uncle in Birmingham, Alabama. She spoke to the media about her experience for the first time in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a 2022 interview for WDIV-TV marking 35 years since the crash, John Thiede, now a captain at the Romulus Fire Department, noted his friendship with Cichan since the mid-2000s when they made contact, and attended Cichan's 2006 wedding.

Investigation

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident.

Eyewitnesses stated that Flight 255's takeoff roll was longer than usual and that the aircraft took off at a steeper angle. Their statements on whether or not the flaps and slats were extended varied, but most responded that they were extended, although they could not tell how far.<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

The CVR provided evidence of the flight crew's omission of the taxi checklist. Although the stall warning was annunciated, investigators determined from the CVR that the aural takeoff warning was not annunciated by that warning system. The NTSB was unable to determine a cause for the electrical-power failure in the central aural warning system (CAWS):

The failure of the takeoff warning system was caused by the loss of input 28V dc. electric power between the airplane's left dc. bus and the CAWS unit. The interruption of the input power to the CAWS occurred at the P-40 circuit breaker.{{#if:|

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The investigators spoke with other MD-80 pilots and learned that many of them found it a nuisance to hear a take-off configuration warning ("Slats ... Slats... Slats....") while they were simply taxiing. It was so common for pilots to pull the P-40 circuit breaker that the area around the circuit breaker was smudged from routinely being manipulated.<ref name=Mayday/> This circuit breaker also controls some of the stall warning sounds. This coincided with the missing sounds from the CVR of the incident flight.<ref name=Mayday/>

While the investigators felt that the P-40 circuit breaker probably had been pulled by the pilot on the incident flight, they could not definitely confirm if the circuit breaker had been tripped, intentionally opened, or if electric current failed to flow through the breaker to the CAWS while the breaker was closed:<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

Because the P-40 circuit breaker was badly damaged during the accident, the NTSB could not determine positively its pre-impact condition. Three possible conditions would have caused power to be interrupted at the P-40 circuit breaker—the circuit breaker was intentionally opened by either the flight crew or maintenance personnel, the circuit breaker tripped because of a transient overload and the flight crew did not detect the open circuit breaker, or the circuit breaker did not allow current to flow to the CAWS power supply and did not annunciate the condition by tripping.{{#if:|

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NTSB conclusions

The NTSB published its final report on May 10, 1988, in which it concluded that the accident was caused by pilot error:<ref name="AAR-88-05 Final Report" />Template:Reference page

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the flight crew's failure to use the taxi checklist to ensure that the flaps and slats were extended for takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the absence of electrical power to the airplane takeoff warning system, which thus did not warn the flightcrew that the airplane was not configured properly for takeoff. The reason for the absence of electrical power could not be determined.{{#if:|

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The sixth profile reflected the airplane's performance with the wing flaps and slats retracted and maintaining an 11° angle of attack, i.e., at or just below the stick shaker activation. In this case, the airplane would have cleared the light pole by 80 feet.{{#if:|

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Aftermath

After the accident, Northwest retired the flight number 255 along with its counterpart flight number 254, which was the outbound flight from Phoenix to Detroit. They were changed to Flights 260 and 261 beginning in September 1987 until the company merged with Delta Air Lines in early 2010. It was still operated by the MD-82 alongside DC-9s and Boeing 727s but were replaced by Boeing 757s and Airbus A320s in the 1990s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Delta continues the retirement of 255 by Northwest; Template:As of, Delta has no flight 255.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It remains the deadliest aircraft accident in the history of the state of Michigan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and it was the worst crash in the history of Northwest Airlines.Template:Citation needed Before the crash of Air India Flight 171 in 2025,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it was also the deadliest aviation accident to have a sole survivor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn

Template:AnchorMemorials

File:Flight255 Memorial GM Proving Ground.jpg

Northwest Flight 255 Memorial Stone at GM Proving Ground, Milford, Michigan

File:Northwest Flight 255 Memorial in downtown Phoenix.jpg

Northwest Flight 255 memorial plaque in downtown Phoenix

In memory of the victims, a black granite memorial was erected in 1994; it stands (surrounded by blue spruce trees) at the top of the hill at Middlebelt Road and I-94, the site of the accident.<ref name="mem">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The memorial has a dove with a ribbon in its beak reading, "Their spirit still lives on ..."; below it are the names of those who perished in the accident. Another monument to the victims (many of whom were from the Phoenix area) stands next to Phoenix City Hall.<ref name="azcentral">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also, a marker stone is located at the General Motors Proving Ground in Milford, MI, in memory of the 14 GM employees and seven family members who were killed in the accident. Most were traveling to the GM Desert Proving Ground in Mesa, Arizona.Template:Fact

On August 16, 2007, the 20th anniversary of the accident, a memorial service was held at the site. For some people affected by the incident, this was their first return to the site since the accident.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On August 16, 2012, the 25th anniversary of the accident, another memorial service was held at the accident site. Family and friends of the victims and others from across the Metro Detroit area (including local media) attended, and a local priest read each victim's name aloud.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two more memorial services were held there on August 16, 2017, the 30th anniversary,<ref name="DetroitN2017">Template:Cite news</ref> and on August 16, 2022, the 35th anniversary.<ref name="Russ">Template:Cite news</ref> Annual meet-ups have become a tradition.<ref name="DetroitN2017"/>

In popular culture

The accident of Northwest Airlines Flight 255 was covered in 2010 in "Alarming Silence", a season-9 episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Mayday.<ref name=Mayday>Template:Cite episode</ref>

The sole survivor of the accident was a four-year old child who appeared in the 2013 documentary Sole Survivor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She did not speak publicly about the crash until 2013, when the documentary was released.<ref name="ibtimes.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2016, motorsport journalist Tom Higgins posted his recollections of Northwest 255. Higgins, then of The Charlotte Observer, and fellow NASCAR beat reporters Steve Waid and Gary McCredie (of Grand National Scene) arrived at a hotel near the Detroit Metropolitan Airport awaiting a Monday morning flight to Charlotte, North Carolina, after finishing coverage of the Champion Spark Plug 400 that afternoon at Michigan International Speedway, and were witnesses to the plane crash. For years, Higgins feared the August NASCAR weekend after this crash, noting how he was a witness on Middlebelt Road.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In her 2018 memoir This Will Only Hurt a Little, Busy Philipps mentioned that her friend Megan Briggs died the summer going into 5th grade on this plane crash. Briggs was eight years old and died alongside her parents and older brother.<ref name="memoirs">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed

See also

• Delta Flight 1141 – Another flight that failed to lift off due to improper take-off configuration
• Spanair Flight 5022 – Another MD-82 that failed to lift off due to improper take-off configuration
• Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash – Another aircraft that failed to lift off due to pilot error
• Air India Flight 171 – Another aircraft that crashed shortly after takeoff with a sole survivor
• List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents
• List of sole survivors of aviation accidents and incidents

External links

• Northwest Flight 255 Memorial Website
• Pre-crash photos of N312RC on facebook.com
• Template:ASN accident
• Accident description at Check-six.com
• Template:YouTube
• Template:YouTube