Norwegian Nobel Committee

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File:Logo of the Nobel Peace Prize.jpg
The Nobel Peace Prize

The Norwegian Nobel Committee (Template:Langx) selects the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize each year on behalf of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel's estate, based on instructions of Nobel's will.

Five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament. In his will, Alfred Nobel tasked the parliament of Norway with selecting the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. At the time, Norway and Sweden were in a loose personal union. Despite its members being appointed by Parliament, the committee is a private body tasked with awarding a private prize. In recent decades, most committee members were retired politicians.

The committee is assisted by its secretariat, the Norwegian Nobel Institute. The committee holds their meetings in the institute's building, where the winner is also announced. Since 1990, however, the award ceremony takes place in Oslo City Hall.

History

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Alfred Nobel died in December 1896. In January 1897 the contents of his will were unveiled. It was written as early as in 1895.<ref>Heffermehl, 2008: pp. 15–17</ref> He declared that a Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses",<ref name=excerpt>Template:Cite web</ref> and that some of Nobel's money was to be donated to this prize. The Nobel Foundation manages the assets.<ref name=snl>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The other Nobel Prizes were to be awarded by Swedish bodies (Swedish Academy, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institutet) that already existed, whereas the responsibility for the Peace Prize was given to the Norwegian Parliament,<ref>Heffermehl, 2008: p. 39</ref> specifically "a committee of five persons to be elected" by it.<ref name=excerpt/> A new body had to be created—the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Jurist Fredrik Heffermehl has noted that a legislative body could not necessarily be expected to handle a judicial task like managing a legal will. The task of a parliament is to create and change laws whereas a will can not be changed unless the premises are clearly outdated. However, this question was not debated in depth, out of contemporary fear that the donated money might be lost in legal battles if the body was not created soon.<ref name=p72>Heffermehl, 2008: p. 72</ref> On 26 April 1897 the Norwegian Parliament accepted the assignment and on 5 August the same year it formalized the process of election and service time for committee members.<ref name=earlyhist>Heffermehl, 2008: pp. 53–54</ref> The first Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy.<ref name=snl/> In the beginning, the committee was filled with active parliamentarians and the annual reports were discussed in parliamentary sessions. These ties to the Norwegian Parliament were later weakened so that the committee became more independent. Accordingly, the name was changed from the Norwegian Nobel Committee to the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament (Template:Langx) in 1901, but changed back in 1977.<ref name=earlyhist/> Now, active parliamentarians cannot sit on the committee, unless they have explicitly stated their intent to step down shortly.<ref name=nrk>Template:Cite news</ref>

Nonetheless, the committee is still composed mainly of politicians. A 1903 proposition to elect a law scholar (Ebbe Hertzberg) was rejected.<ref name=p72/> In late 1948, the election system was changed to make the committee more proportional with parliamentary representation of Norwegian political parties. The Norwegian Labour Party, which controlled a simple majority of seats in the Norwegian Parliament orchestrated this change.<ref>Heffermehl, 2008: pp. 84–85</ref> This practice has been cemented, but sharply criticized.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There have been propositions about including non-Norwegian members in the committee, but this has never happened.<ref name=nrk/>

The Norwegian Nobel Committee is assisted by the Norwegian Nobel Institute, established in 1904.<ref name=snl/> The committee might receive well more than a hundred nominations and asks the Nobel Institute in February every year to research about twenty candidates.<ref>Heffermehl, 2008: pp. 50–51</ref> The director of the Nobel Institute also serves as secretary to the Norwegian Nobel Committee; currently this position belongs to Olav Njølstad.

List of Chairpersons

List of chairpersons<ref name=chairs>Heffermehl, 2008
pp. 60–64</ref>

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File:Nobelinstituttet 20080913-01.jpg
Inside of Norwegian Nobel Institute

Template:Col-end In January 1944 an attempt by the Quisling government to take over the functions of the Nobel Committee led to the resignation of Jahn and other committee members. The Swedish consulate-general in Oslo formally took over the management of the Foundation's Oslo property on behalf of the Nobel Foundation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Members

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Secretariat

File:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg
The Norwegian Nobel Institute, where the committee holds its meetings

The committee is assisted by the Norwegian Nobel Institute, its secretariat. The leader of the institute holds the title secretary. The secretary is not a member of the committee, but is an employee of the Norwegian Nobel Institute.

List of secretaries<ref name=chairs/>

References

Notes

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Bibliography

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