Nougat

Nougat refers to a variety of similar confections made from a sweet paste whipped to a chewy or crunchy consistency.<ref name=fr>Template:Citation.</ref>

The usual version in Western and Southern Europe is made from a mousse of whipped egg white sweetened with sugar or honey. Various nuts and/or pieces of candied fruit are added to flavor and texture the resulting paste, which is allowed to harden and then cut into pieces for serving.<ref name=dict/> Forms of this confection are first attested in Middle Eastern cookbooks during the Middle Ages, but it was greatly popularized as the French Montélimar nougat in the 19th century. Similar confections are staples of regional Iranian cuisine.

In the United States, nougat more often refers to a softer brown paste made in industrial settings, used as a filling in commercial candy bars, frequently in combination with milk chocolate, caramel, and peanuts. In Central and Northern Europe, the name nougat likewise refers to brown paste blended without egg whites, consumed on its own. This brown nougat is usually crunchy, with a softer variant known as Viennese nougat.

Names

English Template:Linktext was borrowed in the early 19th century from French Template:Lang, whose pronunciation Template:IPAc-fr is approximated in English as Template:IPAc-en (Template:Respell).<ref name=dict>Template:Citation; Template:Citation; Template:Citation; Template:Citation.</ref> The spelling pronunciations Template:IPAc-en (Template:Respell, cf. nugget) and Template:IPAc-en (Template:Respell) have also become common in British and American English respectively, the latter being the standard American form.<ref name=dict/>

The French name was borrowed in turn from Old Occitan Template:Lang (Template:IPA or Template:IPA), meaning "nutty" or "thing with nuts". Cognate words in medieval Catalan and Castilian referred to nutty sauces before being adapted to reference the confection.<ref name=dict/>

English also occasionally uses local names for specific varieties of nougat, such as Template:Lang in Spain and Template:Lang in Italy and Brazil. These names derive from Latin Template:Lang ("to roast"). Venetian nougat, known as Template:Lang in Cremona, Template:Lang in Croatia,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Translit (Template:Lang) in Greece, and Template:Lang in Brazil, similarly takes its name from vulgar development of Latin Template:Lang ("almond"). Maltese (Template:Lang) and Sicilian (Template:Lang & Template:Lang) names<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> for nougat derive from Arabic Template:Translit (Template:Lang). Iranian forms—particularly those from the Isfahan region—are known as gaz (Template:Langx) from its incorporation of psyllid honeydew, traditionally misunderstood as astragalus sap.<ref name=enciran>Template:Citation.</ref>

History

A modern attempt to recreate one of the Template:Lang recipes, producing something closer to a placenta cake than nougat

Gaz, Persian nougat from Isfahan, Iran

A vat of extremely hot and dense simple syrup being added to egg whites to produce nougat paste<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Principally owing to the simplicity of the basic recipe and a similarity between the Latin terms Template:Lang and Template:Lang, dialectical Italian Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and the Sicilian terms Template:Lang and Template:Lang, it is sometimes claimed that nougat appears in Roman authors such as Varro,<ref name=coochycoochy>Template:Citation.</ref> Livy, Martial,<ref name=visit>Template:Citation.</ref> Cicero, Aulus Gellius, and Plautus,<ref name=flamy/> although the Roman terms as used in those authors were generic words for both sweet and salty delicacies.<ref name=ocss>Template:Citation.</ref> It is, however, probable that somewhat similar confections were known to the Greeks and Romans.<ref name=ocss/> Cato describes a Carthaginian dish made from eggs, honey, flour, and cheese;<ref name=visit/><ref>Cato, Template:Lang.</ref> the Samnites are sometimes credited with an egg, honey, and hazelnut confection;<ref name=coochycoochy/><ref name=visit/> and terse "recipes" in the Template:LangTemplate:Mdashusually taken as walnut, hazelnut, and pine nut custards<ref name=dom>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref>Template:Mdashmay have been kinds of nougat<ref name=coochycoochy/> incorporating milk, spices, and oil as one recipe specifically directs cooks to "spread it out on a pan and when cool cut it into handy pieces like small cookies".<ref name=dom/>

Forms of nougat including whipped egg white, sweeteners, and flavorings are more certainly attested in recipes from a 10th-century bookTemplate:Which written in Baghdad, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was known as Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang), derived from the Arabic triliteral root Template:Transliteration Template:Nowrap with the base sense of "dribbling", "trickling", and referencing the paste's viscous mass.<ref name=almaany>Template:Cite web</ref> The recipes describe the nougat as varieties made in Baghdad (now in Iraq) and Harran (now in southeastern Turkey). Medieval references to Template:Transliteration have been found at locations within the triangle between Urfa, Aleppo, and Baghdad and in the writings of the 10th-century traveler Ibn Hawqal, who stated he ate Template:Transliteration in Manbij (now in Syria) and Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan).Template:Citation needed The related confection Halva is attested in Persia by at least the 9th century,<ref name=davies>Template:Citation.</ref><ref name=marx>Template:Citation.</ref> but the manufacture of gazTemplate:Mdasha soft Iranian form of pistachio nougat further flavored with the sweet honeydew of the plant lice Template:Lang<ref name=enciran/> and rosewater<ref name=nishy>Template:Citation.</ref>Template:Mdashis only documented since the late 16th century.<ref name=shahby>Template:Citation.</ref> The tendency of Arab and Persian cooks to include spices and flower water in their nougats was not replicated in European recipes.<ref name=ocss/>

Local legend places the creation of Italian nougat at the festivities marking the marriage of the Template:Lang Francesco Sforza with the illegitimate daughter of Filippo Visconti, duke of Milan, at Cremona on 25 October 1441, although this seems to be a 20th-century fabrication.<ref name=flamy>Template:Citation.</ref><ref name=secten/> However, Gerard of Cremona, one of the Toledo School of Translators, may have mentioned an Arabic form of nougat (Template:Translit) in one of his medical translations as early as the 12th century and forms of nougat were being produced in southern Italy and across the Venetian Empire by the early modern period.<ref name=secten/> A separate tradition credits Frederick II and his close ties with southern Italy and Sicilian Arabs with having introduced or reintroduced nougat to Cremona, at the time the most loyal imperial city in Lombardy, during his 13th-century campaigns.<ref name=coochycoochy/>

Nougat is first attested in Spain from the 15th century<ref name=dict/> in Enrique de Villena's 1423 Template:Lang, a treatise on the use of knives at table.<ref name=secten>Template:Citation.</ref> In the 16th century, it appeared in the novels of Miguel de Cervantes and in several recipes, such as those in Lope de Rueda's Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is first attested in Provence in southern France in the 17th century<ref name=dict/> but probably reached Marseille in the mid-16th century.<ref name=ocss/> Montélimar nougat, from a town in the Provençal interior, became particularly famous across Europe during the 19th century. It was well-received at the Universal Exposition, the 1878 Paris World Fair,<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> and was assiduously promoted by the town's mayor Émile Loubet, who subsequently became France's prime minister and president in the 1890s and 1900s.

Meanwhile, pulverized flavorings were also creating other colors of nougat, particularly dark nougat made with cocoa powder. In the early 19th century, Britain's blockade of France and its allies and Napoleon's retaliatory embargo of British goods limited access to pure cocoa and prompted chocolatiers around Turin (at the time annexed to France) to experiment with other fillers including almonds and grains.<ref name=witch>Template:Citation.</ref> In 1852, Michele Prochet successfully tried using finely ground roasted hazelnuts, producing Caffarel's Template:Lang chocolates.<ref name=witch/> This cheaper and more readily available flavor became particularly popular in Central and Northern Europe, where hazelnut or hazelnut chocolate nougat has become standard.<ref name=witch/>

The American form of nougat used in candy bars was an accidental creation. In the early 20th century, the Pendergast Candy Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, produced dark nougat to supply the many German and Scandinavian immigrants who had filled the Midwest. During the early 1920s, one batch of this nougat was made with far too many eggs, producing a much airier confection.<ref name=chu>Template:Citation.</ref> Pendergast used this for a walnut-flavored candy bar called the Fat Emma, but its "Minneapolis" or "Minnesota nougat" was soon copied by Frank & Forrest Mars for their extremely successful 1923 Milky Way bar.<ref name=chu/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Variations

White nougat

The Chabert & Guillot nougat factory in Montélimar, France (2011)

The shop of a master Template:Lang in Vaucluse, France (2014)

Alicante (top) and Jijona nougat (bottom) from Spain

Template:See also The usual form of nougat in Western and Southern Europe is made from a mousse of whipped egg white sweetened with sugar or honey. Various nuts including almonds, pistachios, macadamias, hazelnuts, and walnuts and/or pieces of candied fruit are added to the resulting paste, which is allowed to harden and then cut into pieces for serving.<ref name=dict/> It is usually made at home or manufactured an artisan scale by nougat makers, known in French as Template:Lang. Some manufacturers wrap nougats in edible wafer paper to ease handling; this can affect the taste depending on its thickness.

The most prominent form of nougat in French cuisine is Montélimar nougat, traditionally made with whipped egg white, sugar, lavender honey, roasted almonds & pistachios, vanilla, sugar, and unleavened bread.<ref name=monty>Template:Citation.</ref> It received protected status in 2024.<ref name=monty/>

Spanish nougat (Template:Lang) is traditionally made with whipped egg whites, honey, and roasted almonds,<ref name=eb>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> with two styles particularly distinguished. Soft (Template:Lang) or Jijona nougat (Template:Lang) is over 60% almonds by mass but kept mushy or crumbly by the addition of oil to the recipe. Lacking such oil, hard (Template:Lang) or Alicante nougat (Template:Lang) is extremely firm, particularly when prepared in very thick blocks. Jijona nougat has also received PGI protected status.

Italian nougat (Template:Lang) is likewise made with whipped egg whites, sugar, honey, and roasted almonds but also usually features vanilla or citrus and edible rice paper.<ref name="BestofSicily">Template:Cite web</ref> Venetian nougat (Template:Lang) is similar but generally firmer, with the variety from Cologna Veneta on the Veneto mainland particularly esteemed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Both Spanish and Italian nougat are prominent components of their cuisine's Christmas meals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Malta, local nougat is sold at village festivals. In Romania, nougat (Template:Lang) is likewise sold at local festivals and fairgrounds, particularly on the Sunday of Forgiveness preceding Lent.

In Britain, nougat is traditionally made in the style of the southern European varieties, and is commonly found at fairgrounds and seaside resorts. The most common industrially produced type<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is coloured pink and white, the pink often fruit flavoured, and sometimes wrapped in edible rice paper with almonds and cherries.

French nougat does not have any milk or milk powder ingredients but, when nougat spread to Taiwan, preparers there began to add milk powder as the main ingredient, plus sugar, cream, protein (some companies use whey protein refined from fresh milk instead of protein and protein powder), nuts (such as peanuts, almonds, walnuts, pistachios or hazelnuts), dried fruit and petals (such as cranberry, golden pomelo, mango, orange, longan, and osmanthus). Similar forms of nougat are now found throughout mainland China as well.

Brown nougat

A 3 Musketeers bar, filled with American-style "fluffy nougat"

German nougat for sale in Strasbourg, France

German nougat (Template:Lang), made from cocoa and finely ground hazelnuts

Template:See also In the United States, nougat more often refers to a softer brown paste made in industrial settings. It usually consists of corn syrup or sucrose aerated with a whipping agent like hydrolyzed soy protein or gelatine; other components such as vegetable fats, milk powder, and preservatives may be added to impart or enhance desired characteristics. Such nougat is used as a filling in commercial candy bars, frequently in combination with milk chocolate, caramel, and peanuts. Varieties of this nougat are found in Baby Ruth, Double Decker, Fast Break, Milky Way, Moro, Nuts, Snickers,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Twin Bing, and Zero bars. Occasionally, American confections feature its form of nougat as their primary component. Especially aerated "fluffy nougat" is the main ingredient in 3 Musketeers candy bars.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In Central and Northern Europe, nougat is usually made with Template:Lang, a mixture of cocoa and hazelnuts,<ref>Odense: Nougat - ingredients Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref><ref>Odense: Blød Nougat Template:Webarchive Pictures and description. Template:In lang</ref> with the white form often being distinguished as "French nougat".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Viennese nougat is a soft variant that contains cocoa mass and butter, sugar, and hazelnuts. Introduced to Finland by Fazer in 1904, it has become a staple Finnish Christmas treat.

See also

• Divinity, an American confection similar to nougat
• Halva, a Persian confection which may have developed into early forms of nougat
• White Christmas, an Australian confection similar to nougat consumed at Christmas