88 (number)

Template:Infobox number 88 (eighty-eight) is the natural number following 87 and preceding 89.

In mathematics

88 is:

• a refactorable number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• a primitive semiperfect number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• an untouchable number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• a hexadecagonal number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 88 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• a palindromic number in bases 5 (323₅), 10 (88₁₀), 21 (44₂₁), and 43 (22₄₃).
• a repdigit in bases 10, 21 and 43.
• a 2-automorphic number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• the smallest positive integer with a Zeckendorf representation requiring 5 Fibonacci numbers.
• a strobogrammatic number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• the largest number in English not containing the letter 'n' in its name, when using short scale.

88 and 945 are the smallest coprime abundant numbers, since all numbers until 945 are multiples of 2, 945 has 3, 5 and 7 as divisors, and 88 is the first abundant number that doesn't have 3, 5 or 7 as divisors.

Cultural significance

In Chinese culture

Template:Further information Number 88 symbolizes fortune and good luck in Chinese culture, since the word 8 sounds similar to the word fā (Template:Lang, which implies Template:Lang, or wealth, in Mandarin or Cantonese). The number 8 is considered to be the luckiest number in Chinese culture, and prices in Chinese supermarkets often contain many 8s. The shape of the Chinese character for 8 (Template:Lang) implies that a person will have a great, wide future as the character starts narrow and gets wider toward the bottom. The Chinese government has been auctioning auto license plates containing many 8s for tens of thousands of dollars. The 2008 Beijing Olympics opened at 8 p.m., 8 August 2008.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In addition, 88 is also used to mean "bye bye (Template:Lang)" in Chinese-language chats, text messages, SMSs and IMs, because its pronunciation in Mandarin is similar to "bye bye".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In amateur radio

In amateur radio, 88 is used as shorthand for "love and kisses" when signing a message or ending an exchange. It is used in spoken word (radiotelephony), Morse code (radiotelegraphy), and in various digital modes. It is considered rather more intimate than "73", which means "best regards"; therefore 73 is more often used. The two may be used together. Sometimes either expression is pluralized by appending an -s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These number codes originate with the 92 Code adopted by Western Union in 1859.

In neo-Nazism

Nazi graffiti with the number 88

Neo-Nazis use the number 88 as an abbreviation for the Nazi salute Heil Hitler.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The letter H is eighth in many European Latin alphabets, whereby 88 becomes HH.<ref>Natsiviittaus Ariel-pesujauhepaketissa herättää pahennusta Saksassa, YLE Uutiset 9 May 2014. Accessed on 12 May 2014.</ref>

Often, this number is associated with the number 14, e.g. 14/88, 14-88, or 1488; this number symbolizes the Fourteen Words coined by David Lane, a prominent white supremacist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Example uses of 88 include the song "88 Rock 'n' Roll Band" by Landser, and the organizations Column 88 and Unit 88.

The number is banned on Austrian license plates due to its association with "Heil Hitler [and] where H comes in the alphabet".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 2023, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and the Italian government announced that the number 88 would be banned from use in Italian association football, as part of a joint initiative to combat antisemitism. This followed an incident in March of that year in which a Lazio supporter wore a club shirt bearing the name "Hitlerson" and the number 88, which led to the supporter receiving a lifetime ban from attending Lazio matches.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the US, former FBI assistant director of counterintelligence Frank Figliuzzi declared in 2019 that something as innocuous as raising a flag on the White House to full staff on 8 August (i.e. 8–8) is a "messaging" problem because "the numbers 88 are very significant in neo-Nazi and white supremacy movement."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In other fields

Eighty-eight (88) could also refer to the following:

• In the Back to the Future films, 88 miles per hour is the speed that Doctor Emmett Brown's Delorean car had to reach in order to attain time travel.
• In music, '88s' is slang for a piano, as a standard keyboard has 88 keys.
• In astronomy, the International Astronomical Union lists 88 named constellations.