Ocular dominance
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Ocular dominance, sometimes called eye preference or eyedness,<ref name="Chaurasia">Template:Cite journal</ref> is the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other.<ref name="Khan">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is somewhat analogous to the laterality of right- or left-handedness; however, the side of the dominant eye and the dominant hand do not always match.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This is because both hemispheres control both eyes, but each one takes charge of a different half of the field of vision, and therefore a different half of both retinas (See Optic Tract for more details). There is thus no direct analogy between "handedness" and "eyedness" as lateral phenomena.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Approximately 70% of the population are right-eye dominant and 29% left-eye dominant.<ref name="Chaurasia"/><ref name="Reiss">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Dominance does appear to change depending upon direction of gaze<ref name="Khan"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> due to image size changes on the retinas.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There also appears to be a higher prevalence of left-eye dominance in those with Williams–Beuren syndrome,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and possibly in migraine sufferers as well.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Eye dominance has been categorized as "weak" or "strong";<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> highly profound cases are sometimes caused by amblyopia or strabismus.
In those with anisometropic myopia (different amounts of nearsightedness between the two eyes), the dominant eye has typically been found to be the one with more myopia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As far as regards subjects with normal binocular vision, the widespread notion that the individual's better-sighted eye would tend to be the dominant eye has been challenged as lacking empirical basis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Dominance can change and may switch between the eyes depending on the task and physical condition of the subject (i.e. fatigue).Template:Cn
Effects
In normal binocular vision there is an effect of parallax, and therefore the dominant eye is the one that is primarily relied on for precise positional information. This may be extremely important in sports which require aim, such as archery, darts or shooting sports.
In a 1998 study of professional baseball players, hand–ocular dominance patterns did not show an effect on batting average or ERA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Similarly, in 2005, a South African study found that "cricketers were not more likely to have crossed dominance" than the normal population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Ocular dominance is an important consideration in predicting patient satisfaction with monovision correction in cataract surgery<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> refractive surgery, also laser eye surgery, and contact lens wear.
The dominant eye has more neural connections to the brain than the other eye does. According to a sixty-person study in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, in non-dyslexic people, the blue cone-free spot in the dominant eye tends to be round and the same spot in the non-dominant eye tends to be unevenly shaped; in dyslexic people both eyes tend to have round areas.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The study suggests this difference may be a potential, and possibly treatable, cause of dyslexia; however, further tests are required to confirm this. At least 700 million people worldwide have dyslexia. In response to the study, John Stein of the University of Oxford cautions that while the study is "really interesting", there is no one single cause of dyslexia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
It has also been shown that ocular dominance can influence the performance of tasks that require the activation of executive functions, in particular, when performing the Stroop test.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Moreover, it has been found that in people with different ocular dominance, areas of the visual cortex are activated differently in such tasks.<ref name=":0" /> Also, fMRI data indicate that there are differences in the activity of the cerebral cortex in the perception of faces depending on the dominance of the eyes: in left-dominant people, the right fusiform gyrus is activated, and in right-dominant people, the left.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Determination
A person's dominant eye "is determined by subjective alignment of two objects presented at a stereodisparity far beyond Panum's area".<ref name="Kromeier">Template:Cite journal</ref> There are a number of ways to do this:
- The Miles test. The observer extends both arms, brings both hands together to create a small opening, then with both eyes open views a distant object through the opening. The observer then alternates closing the eyes or slowly draws opening back to the head to determine which eye is viewing the object (i.e. the dominant eye).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The Porta test. The observer extends one arm, then with both eyes open aligns the thumb or index finger with a distant object. The observer then alternates closing the eyes or slowly draws the thumb/finger back to the head to determine which eye is viewing the object (i.e. the dominant eye).<ref name="Roth"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The Dolman method, also known as the hole-in-the-card test. The subject is given a card with a small hole in the middle, instructed to hold it with both hands, then instructed to view a distant object through the hole with both eyes open. The observer then alternates closing the eyes or slowly draws the opening back to the head to determine which eye is viewing the object (i.e. the dominant eye).<ref name="Cheng">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- The convergence near-point test. The subject fixates an object that is moved toward the nose until divergence of one eye occurs (i.e. the non-dominant eye). It is an objective test of ocular dominance.<ref name="Cheng"/>
- Certain stereograms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The pinhole test.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- The ring test.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Lens fogging technique. The subject fixates a distant object with both eyes open and appropriate correction in place. A +2.00 or +2.50 lens is alternately introduced in front of each eye, which blurs the distant object. The subject is then asked to state in which eye is the blur more noticeable. This is the dominant eye.
- A dichoptic motion coherence threshold test yields a quantified indication of ocular dominance.<ref name="pmid20610837">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Forced choice tests of dominance, such as the Dolman method, allow only a right or left eye result.<ref name="Cheng"/>