Ogee
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An ogee (Template:IPAc-en Template:IPAc-en) is an object, element, or curve—often seen in architecture and building trades—that has a serpentine- or extended S-shape (sigmoid).<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp Ogees consist of a "double curve", the combination of two semicircular curves or arcs that, as a result of a point of inflection from concave to convex or vice versa,<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp have ends of the overall curve that point in opposite directions (and have tangents that are approximately parallel).
First seen in textiles in the 12th century, the use of ogee elements—in particular, in the design of arches—has been said to characterise various Gothic and Gothic Revival architectural styles.<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp The shape has many such uses in architecture from those periods to the present day, including in the ogee arch in these architectural styles,<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp where two ogees oriented as mirror images compose the sides of the arch,<ref name=DaviesJokiniemi2011>Template:Cite book</ref> and in decorative molding designs, where single ogees are common profiles (see opening image).<ref name=LewisDarley1986/> The term is also used in marine construction, particularly in shipbuilding, where ogee curves are used in hull design to improve hydrodynamics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The word was sometimes abbreviated as o-g as early as the 18th century,<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp and in millwork trades associated with building construction, ogee is still sometimes written similarly (e.g., as O.G.).Template:Citation needed
Use in architecture
Ogee arch
In architecture, the principal use of the term is to describe an arch composed of two ogees, mirrored left-to-right and meeting at an apex.<ref name=DaviesJokiniemi2011/> First seen in textiles in the 1100s AD, the use of ogee elements, and in particular in the design of arches, has been said to characterise Venetian Gothic and Gothic Revival architectural styles.<ref name=LewisDarley1986/>Template:Rp Ogee arches were also a feature of English Gothic architecture in the later thirteenth century.<ref name=HF>Honour, H. and J. Fleming, (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 391. Template:Isbn</ref>
Moulding
A building's surface detailing, inside and outside, often includes decorative moulding, and these often contain ogee-shaped profiles—consisting (from low to high) of a concave arc flowing into a convex arc, with vertical ends; if the lower curve is convex and higher one concave, this is known as a Roman ogee, although frequently the terms are used interchangeably and for a variety of other shapes. Alternative names for such a Roman ogee moulding include cyma reversa and talon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The ogee curve is an analogue of a "cyma curve", the difference being that a cyma, or "cyma recta", has horizontal rather than vertical ends. The cyma reversa form occurs in antiquity. For example, in ancient Persia, the Tomb of Cyrus featured the cyma reversa.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (2008) Tomb of Cyrus, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A.Template:Page needed</ref> The cyma reversa is also evident in ancient Greek architecture, and takes its name from the cymatium.<ref>Dinsmoor, William Bell & Anderson, William James (1973) The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of its Historic Development, Unknown location:Biblo & Tannen. Template:Isbn.Template:Page needed</ref>Template:Page needed The ogee and Roman ogee profiles are used in decorative moulding, often framed between mouldings with a square section.Template:Citation needed As such, it is part of the standard classical decorative vocabulary, adopted from architrave and cornice mouldings of the Ionic order and Corinthian order.Template:Citation needed
Ogees are also often used in building interiors, in trim carpentry, for capping a baseboard or plinth elements, as a crown moulding trim piece where a wall meets a ceiling, and in similar fashion, at the tops of pieces of case furniture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Other uses
Ogee is also a mathematical term, meaning an inflection point.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The term also gets used in steam locomotive design, referring to a specific shape of saddle tank on small shunting locomotives, such as the GER Class 209. In fluid mechanics, the term is used to refer to aerodynamic profiles that bear such shapes, e.g., as in the ogee profile of the Concorde supersonic aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As well, ogee curves are used to minimize water pressure on the downstream face of a dam spillway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In aesthetic facial surgery, the term is used to describe the malar or cheekbone prominence transitioning into the mid-cheek hollow.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The aim of a mid-face rejuvenation is to restore the ogee curve and enhance the cheekbones, common parts of routine facelift surgery.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Manufactured objects with the ogee description
Ogee is the name given to bubble-shaped chambers of pot stills that connect the swan neck to the still pot, in distillation apparatus, that allow distillate to expand, condense, and fall back into the still pot.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
"Ogee washers" are heavy washers used in fasteners that have a large load-bearing surface; they are used in marine timber construction to prevent bolt heads or nuts from sinking into the face of timbers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The term ogee is used to describe the ogee shape giving rise to radial symmetry around the centre of the washer.Template:Citation needed Due to the size and shape of such washers, they are generally manufactured as a cast iron product (in accordance with ASTM A47 or A48).Template:Citation needed
"Ogee clocks" were a common type of weight-driven 19th-century pendulum clock presented in a simplified Gothic style, with the original design attributed to Chauncey Jerome.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref> Ogee clocks were typically made in the United States, as mantelpieces or to mount to a wall bracket,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and are one of the most commonly encountered varieties of American antique clocks.Template:Citation needed The overall design was rectangular, with framing by moulding with an ogee-profile surrounding a central glass door with a painted scene below the clock face, a door that protected the clock face and pendulum.Template:Citation needed Weights supported by pulleys fell inside the ogee moulding and so were hidden from view.Template:Citation needed
"Ogee skirting boards" were known since at least 19th century.Template:Sfn In contemporary interior design the ogee (double-curved) skirting boards and architraves are made from medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and are intended to replicate the traditional (ogee) moulding profiles.
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
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- Owens, Bill & Dikty, Alan (2009). The Art of Distilling Whiskey: An Enthusiast's Guide to the Artisan Distilling of Whiskey, Vodka, Gin, and Other Potent Spirits. Quarry Books. Template:ISBN. p. 26.