Onitsha
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use Nigerian English Template:Infobox settlement Onitsha (Template:Langx<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> or simply Ọ̀nị̀chà) is a city on the eastern bank of the Niger River, in Anambra State, Nigeria. Onitsha along with various cities and towns in southern Anambra State, northern Imo State and neighboring Delta State on the western bank of the Niger River, form a continuous metropolitan area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 2016, the greater Onitsha area had an estimated population of around eight million people in central and southern Anambra state extending into neighboring Delta state to the west and Imo state to the south.<ref name="Africapolis">Template:Cite web</ref> Spread across parts of these three states, the greater Onitsha area is regarded as one of the largest metropolitan areas in Nigeria by both population and landmass.<ref name="mckinsey_reimagining">Template:Cite web</ref> The continuous urban sprawl or conurbation of greater Onitsha spreads across several separate cities and their satellite towns and suburbs including Asaba, Obosi, Oba, Ogbaru, Nnewi, the Anambra State capital Awka down to Orlu in Imo State.<ref name="mckinsey_reimagining"/> As of early 2024, Onitsha city proper has an estimated population of 1,695,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The indigenous people of Onitsha are Igbo and speak the Igbo language with Onitsha being the largest urban area and commercial hub of the Igboland region of Nigeria, the Igbo people’s indigenous homeland. The Onitsha people are referred to as Ndi Onicha in Igbo. English and Nigerian Pidgin English are also widely spoken. Although the population is largely Igbo, there are many other ethnic groups in the Onitsha area mainly from other Nigerian ethnicities indigenous to the southeast of the country due to Onitshas position as an economic hub in the region.
According to Africapolis,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Africapolis"/> the greater Onitsha metropolis will be regarded as one of the most densely populated areas in the world by 2050. In 2023, McKinsey predicted that the greater Onitsha metropolis area will double in human development by 2045 with the current expansion rate.<ref name=":1" />
History
Early history
Onitsha was founded between 1630 and 1680 by immigrants from Benin. The city developed when the trade expedition led by Macgregor Laird reached the settlement. Among the expedition associates was Samuel Ajayi Crowther, who led the Church Mission Society (CMS) in the region. The Roman Catholic mission later arrived, hence both missions contributed to the history and development of Onitsha, including building educational institutions, the Central Primary School, Odoakpu, among others.Template:Sfn Since its foundation, Onitsha has exercised more political, economic, and social influence over Nkpor, Oba, Ogidi, Nkwelle Ezunaka, and Umunya, which existed before it.Template:Sfn
Some sources argues that Onitsha began in the 16th century, when Eze Chima, a native doctor who descended from Eri,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> was invited by Oba Esigie of Benin during the Benin-Igala war.Template:Sfn Esigie had heard of a native doctor and of the tales of his diabolical powers, he ordered his men to bring Chima to his palace so he may help Benin win their war. After the war was won, Chima would found the kingdom of Ado N’Idu, after having been given land by Esigie.
However, a collapse in the relationship between Esigie and Chima would occur due to, depending on the account, of the Queen Mother, Idia, having either been beaten by Chima’s men for intruding on their farmland,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or having been denied tribute,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> would demand retribution from Esigie. Esigie, would call upon Gbunwara, the leader of the Benin army, to wage war on Ado N’Idu, and Chima informed of this gathered his men, and fought a fierce war against the armies of Benin for several days, before being overwhelmed by their superior numbers, and for the survival of his people, mounting a retreat.<ref name=":2" />
Eze Chima, and his retinue of warriors and extended family, would leave their kingdom of Ado N’Idu to seek a new pasture, and many of the retinue branching off to found their own settlements, such as Onicha-Olona, Onicha Ugbo, Obio etc. Eventually, once reaching the west bank of the Niger, Chima would die before they could cross, leaving the rest of the retinue to be led by his son, Oraeze, who lead them across the river and named their new settlement, Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí, or Onitsha-on-water, the kingdom of Onitsha was founded.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
Colonial rule
Onitsha slowly grew to become an important trading port for the Royal Niger Company in the mid-1850s following the abolition of slavery and with the development of the steam engine when Europeans were able to move into the hinterland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1857 British palm oil traders established a permanent station in the city with Christian missionaries joining them.<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref>
In 1900 Onitsha became part of a British protectorate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The British colonial government and Christian missionaries penetrated most of Igboland to set up their administration, schools and churches through the river port at Onitsha.
In 1965, the Niger River Bridge was built across the Niger River to replace the ferry crossing. This has helped to grow trade routes with western Nigeria and created significant economic linkages between Onitsha and Benin City and Lagos particularly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nigerian Civil War
The Nigerian-Biafran war brought devastation to Onitsha as the city was a major theatre of war for forces entering Biafra from the western front. The subsequent oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a huge influx of immigrants into the city. The result has been hastily constructed and haphazard building which has created a huge number of slums.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
Late 20th and early 21st century
In the early 1960s, before the Nigerian Civil War (see also Biafra), the population was officially recorded as 76,000, and the town was distinctive in a number of dimensions; the great Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe (born and raised in the contiguous town of Ogidi) characterized it as harboring an "esoteric region from which creativity sallies forth at will to manifest itself," "a zone of occult instability" (see "Onitsha Matters").
Onitsha has played a creative role in the transformation to urban life in Eastern Nigeria famous as the setting for Onitsha Market Literature and as one of the hubs for the financing and distribution of Nollywood films.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Infrastructure has not kept pace with urbanization and haphazard building practices without zoning regulations has left in its wake a chaotic and congested city rife with lawlessness. The World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution database's 2016 update indicates that Onitsha is the most polluted city in Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In recent times with the encroachment of neighboring communities, the Onitsha people have been involved in disputes over land ownership in the surrounding area with the people of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunaka.<ref>Vincent Ujumadu (June 17, 2013). "17 injured, bus burnt as Onitsha, Obosi youths clash over land". Vanguard. Retrieved September 2, 2014.</ref><ref>Nigeria: "Nkwelle-Ezunaka Battles Onitsha Over Land" Template:Webarchive. Nkwelle Ezunaka Union USA. Retrieved September 2, 2014.</ref> Fegge, Awada, and 3-3 are Onitsha metropolitan areas being disputed by the communities of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunaka, respectively.
Geography
Onitsha lies on the eastern flank of a major east–west crossing point of the Niger River across from the city of Asaba, Delta and occupies the northernmost point of the river regularly navigable by large vessels. It is the western terminus of the central Anambra hills. These factors have historically and in modern-day made Onitsha into major trading center between the coastal regions and the north, as well as between eastern and western Nigeria. Onitsha possesses one of the very few road bridge crossings of the mile-wide Niger River<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=britannica>Template:Cite web</ref> and plans are in place to add a second bridge southwards of the existing one.
Rapid urbanization in recent years although promoting the economy, negatively affects natural vegetation and local landscape.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the region is also considerably erosion prone
Climate
Onitsha has two main seasons: a warm, oppressive, and overcast wet (rainy) season from March to October, and a hot and partly cloudy dry season from November to February with both largely influenced by the SW and NE trade winds of the Atlantic International Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Saharan harmattan winds are experienced during the winter months, causing haze and poor visibility with thunderstorms common in March/April as well as in late September/October. Over the duration of the year, the temperature commonly varies from Template:Cvt and is rarely below Template:Cvt or above Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Köppen climate classification is Aw.
Environment
The amount of waste generation is attributed to the city's high population being a commercial area that draws in people from within and outside Nigeria for business purposes. They generate mostly food waste, polythene bags, paper and its related wastes and metal. Others are pieces of clothes, plastic, tins, bottles and glass materials.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2016, PM10 levels exceeded the WHO's standard by 30 times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city's noise levels exceeds the federal ministry of environment stipulated limits of 90 dB (A) and that of NESREA's 70 dB (A) for an 8-hour working period, varying in dry season and wet seasons.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The city's vast surface water, shallow subsurface water, and permeable soils put it at high risk of water pollution.
Demographics
Religion
Onitsha is a predominantly Christian city. People from Northern and Western Nigeria also practice Islam. In February 2006, armed militants killed at least 80 ethnic Hausa Fulani (Muslims) and burned a few Muslim sites, including two mosques.<ref name=aljazeera1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=aljazeera2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=washingtonpost>Template:Cite news</ref> The riots were in response to riots by Muslims in the city of Maiduguri days earlier, where at least 18 Christians were killed, sparked by the cartoon controversy in Denmark.
Economy
In 2012 the state government, through a joint venture, attracted SAB Miller to invest in Onitsha Brewery, which started production in August. It was the first large-scale investment in Onitsha since Premier Breweries, makers of the Premier Beer established production in Onitsha in the early part of the 1980s. In January it was announced that upgrades to the value of $110 million would triple the output of beer and malt drinks.<ref name="Business Day">Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture
Once a year in October the kingdom of Onitsha holds the Ofala Festival which coincides with the traditional New Yam festival held in many parts of Igboland. The Ofala Festival in ancient times offered the people the opportunity to see the king and receive blessings from him. Nowadays, it is a way for the people of Onitsha to keep their culture alive, take stock of the communal activities and it has become a major event that draws visitors from far and wide to the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Dialect
Arts
Cuisine, sports, and fashion
Human resources
Education
In colonial Nigeria, Onitsha was among the country's principal centres for education before the foundation of Anambra State in 1991. Early colleges were founded by the Roman Catholic and Christian Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries. Those college such as the All Hallows Seminary, founded in 1924, Dennis Memorial Grammar School (DMGS), founded in 1925, St. Charles College, founded in 1928, Christ the King College, Onitsha, founded in 1933, and Regina Pacis Model Secondary School, were all located in Onitsha. The oldest and first grammar school in Anambra was DMGS, which was founded on 25 January 1925.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further educational institutions were added in Onitsha in the 21st century, including the private Catholic Shanahan University, founded in 2024 as well as the first university in the city, and Onitsha Business School.
In 2002, Governor Chinwoke Mbadinuju abolished the free education policy and announced tuition fees of 3,000 naira per term for state-owned secondary school students. The decision followed protests by students in Onitsha and Awka, hence prompted the government to reduce the fees to 1,900 naira.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 21 September 2023, the government of Charles Soludo announced that, starting with the academic year 2023–2024, parents will no longer pay school fees for students in nursery to junior secondary in public schools. Meanwhile, students of senior secondary schools will be paying 5,000 naira as school fees. On 26 September 2024, the government removed tuition fee entirely for all students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The directive saw controversy in Onitsha when four principals were suspended by the government for allegedly demanding school fees from their students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Health
Transportation
Onitsha is not only accessible by rivers and land, but also by air. The city has an international cargo and passenger airport located at Umueri.
Twin towns
Onitsha is twinned with:
- Template:Flagicon Compton, California, United States (2010)<ref name=Sistercities>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Indianapolis, Indiana, United States (2017)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Notable people
See also
Notes
Citations
Sources
Journals and scholarly articles
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Mbajekwe, Patrick. “‘Landlords of Onitsha’: Urban Land, Accumulation, and Debates over Custom in Colonial Eastern Nigeria, ‘ca.’ 1880-1945.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 39, no. 3 (2006): 413–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034825.
- Template:Cite journal
Chapters
Books
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
Template:Igbo topics Template:Niger River Template:Cities in Nigeria Template:World's most populous urban areas Template:Authority control