Operation Royal Marine
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox operational plan Template:Campaignbox Battle of France Operation Royal Marine was a military operation in May 1940 of the Second World War, during the Battle of France (10 May – 25 June 1940). The British floated fluvial mines down rivers which flowed into Germany from France. The plan was to destroy German bridges, barges and other water transport. After several postponements insisted on by the French government, fearful of German retaliation, the operation began on 10 May 1940, when the German offensive in the west began.
The mines caused some damage and delay to German river traffic on the Rhine from Karlsruhe to Koblenz and damaged bridges and protective barriers. Part of the plan was for Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers to drop the mines into rivers and canals on moonlit nights but this had hardly begun when the campaign ended. The success of the plot was nullified by the Allied defeat and the Franco-German Armistice of 22 June 1940.
Background
Despite the concerns of the French government during the Phoney War, over German air attacks and reprisals against French waterways, it was intended that the operation would take place simultaneously with Operation Wilfred, a scheme to mine the waters around Norway. The novelty of Operation Royal Marine was intended to divert American attention from the possible illegality of Operation Wilfred.Template:Sfn Wilfred was to force German convoys transporting Swedish iron ore into international waters, where they could be attacked by the Royal Navy.Template:Sfn
Simultaneous attacks with fluvial (river) mines against Germany was intended to deflect criticism that the Allies were not making war on Germany but the small countries around it, that they claimed to be protecting. A decision of the Anglo French Supreme War Council was taken on 28 March 1940 to commence Operation Royal Marine on 4 April and the air-dropping of mines on 15 April. The decision was vetoed shortly afterwards by the French War Committee, a ruling which was not rescinded for about three months.Template:Sfn Operation Wilfred was left to take place on its own on 5 April and was then postponed to 8 April, later parts of the plan being cancelled when news arrived that the German fleet had sailed.Template:Sfnm The British and French were able to agree that Operation Royal Marine could begin as soon as the German offensive in the west commenced.Template:Sfn
Prelude
Plan
Template:Location map+ The plan had been presented to the British Cabinet in November 1939 by Winston Churchill, as a means of retaliation against illegal German minelaying.Template:Sfn (Sir Edward Spears claimed that he had originally proposed the idea to Churchill, when they visited eastern France in August 1939 but by the time the operation began, Churchill believed the idea to be his.)Template:Sfn A stock of Template:Nowrap mines, with Template:Nowrap being produced per week, were to be put into rivers in France that flowed into western Germany, by naval parties led by Commander G. R. S. Wellby. The sailors were to be based in the Maginot Line, about Template:Convert distant from the Rhine, to put mines in the river, interfering with commercial traffic for Template:Convert beyond Karlsruhe.Template:Sfnm
The mines would sabotage barge traffic and other river craft but become inert before reaching neutral territory at the Netherlands border. On 6 March 1940, the Cabinet was notified that mines would be ready for release from riverbanks on 12 March and to be dropped by RAF bombers by mid-April, between Bingen am Rhein and Koblenz on moonlit nights. Neutrals were to be warned and the first Template:Nowrap mines were ready by the night of Template:Nowrap after French objections for fear of German retaliation, the plan was postponed.Template:Sfn In April, Churchill tried to persuade the French to drop their objections to Royal Marine and remarked after meeting the French Prime Minister, Édouard Daladier, "Template:Lang".Template:Sfn
Mines
The mines were specially developed for the operation by Ministry of Defence 1 (MD1, Churchill's Toyshop), a British weapon research and development organisation. The mine, known as the 'W' Bomb, was designed by Millis Jefferis, who had received the request for the device on 10 November and had completed the first demonstration model by 24 November. A delayed-action fuze based on a soluble chemical pellet was devised by Jefferis' assistant, Stuart Macrae, using an Alka-Seltzer tablet, which was found to dissolve at a predictable rate.Template:Sfn Each mine contained Template:Convert of Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Trials of the mines were carried out in the Thames in December 1939 and depending upon type, either floated or bounced along the riverbed.Template:Sfn Because Jefferis' department only consisted of three people at the point, the trials had to be conducted with the help of a boat crewed by local Sea Scouts, who followed the mines after they had been dropped from Chiswick Bridge.Template:Sfn Over 20,000 'W' Bombs were produced in the course of the war.Template:Sfn
Operation
On 10 May 1940, mines were released into the Moselle to destroy pontoon bridges built by German army engineers; other mines were put into the Rhine to negligible effect.Template:Sfn On 13 May, the British put Template:Nowrap in the Rhine near Soufflenheim, reported by General Victor Bourret, the Fifth Army commander, to have caused damage to the barge barrier protecting the bridge at Karlsruhe. Several pontoon bridges were damaged and river traffic was temporarily suspended between Karlsruhe and Mainz.Template:Sfnm By 24 May, over Template:Nowrap had been released into the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse rivers.Template:Sfn On 9 June, Template:Lang André-Gaston Prételat, commander of Template:Lang 2, ordered the fluvial mines to be sent down the Rhine to delay a German attack on the Maginot Line.Template:Sfn RAF Bomber Command mine dropping began between Bingen and Koblenz and into canals and river estuaries feeding the Heligoland Bight but few mines were laid by aircraft before the Battle of France ended; any damage caused could not be measured.Template:Sfnm
Aftermath
In Assignment to Catastrophe (1954), Edward Spears, the representative of Churchill to the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, who had first mooted the mining of German rivers in 1939, quoted Churchill from Their Finest Hour (1949) that,
Footnotes
References
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