Ouray (Ute leader)
Ouray (Template:IPAc-en, c. 1833 – August 20, 1880) was a Native American chief of the Tabeguache (Uncompahgre) band of the Ute tribe, then located in western Colorado. Because of his leadership ability, Ouray was acknowledged by the United States government as a chief of the Ute and he traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate for the welfare of the Utes. Raised in the culturally diverse town of Taos, Ouray learned to speak many languages that helped him in the negotiations, which were complicated by the manipulation of his grief over his five-year-old son, abducted during an attack by the Sioux. Ouray met with Presidents Lincoln, Grant, and Hayes and was called the "man of peace" because he sought to make treaties with settlers and the government.
Following the Meeker Massacre (White River War) of 1879, he traveled in 1880 to Washington, D.C. He tried to secure a treaty for the Uncompahgre Ute, who wanted to stay in Colorado; but, the following year, the United States forced the Uncompahgre and the White River Ute to the west to reservations in present-day Utah.
Early life and education
Ouray was born in 1833 near the Taos Pueblo in Nuevo México, now in the state of New Mexico.<ref name="denverpost.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Varnell" />Template:EfnTemplate:Efn His father, Guera Murah, also called Salvador, was a Jicarilla Apache adopted into the Ute, and his mother was Uncompahgre Ute.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41">Template:Cite book</ref>
His parents had another son named Quench, and then his mother died soon after. His father remarried and his stepmother left Ouray and his brother to live on a ranch with a Spanish-speaking couple around 1843 or 1845. His father returned to Colorado and became a leader of the Tabeguache Ute band and the boys remained in Taos. Ouray received a Catholic education<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Perry">Template:Cite book</ref> and was raised in the Catholic faith. Living in a culturally diverse location, he learned Ute and Apache languages, sign language, Spanish, and English, which he found helpful later in life in negotiating with whites and Native Americans.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> He spent much of his youth working for Mexican sheepherders. He also hauled wood and packed mules that were bound for the Santa Fe Trail.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />
In 1850, Ouray and his brother left Taos to join their father,<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> who died soon after.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> Ouray was the band's best rider, hunter, and fighter,<ref name="Varnell" /> and he became an enforcer (like a chief of police) and then sub-chief of the band.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He fought both the Kiowa and the Sioux while living among the Tabeguache.
Chief and negotiator
Chief
In 1860, Ouray became chief of the band at the age of 27.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> That year, he engaged in a "fact-finding tour" to determine the number of whites that were settling in the Uncompahgre and Gunnison River valleys and was alarmed by the number of miners and settlers on ancestral lands of the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He understood, though, that fighting the whites would not turn back the tide of colonialism. Instead, he believed that the solution was to engage in treaty negotiations to protect their interests.<ref name="Varnell" />
Treaty negotiation
Template:Quote box Ouray was known as the "White man's friend," and his services were almost indispensable to the government in negotiating with his tribe, who kept in good faith all treaties that were made by him. He protected their interests as far as possible, and set them the example of living a civilized life.<ref name="Appletons" />
It might be added that Ouray himself, who pronounced his name as 'You-ray', never seemed to have objected to being called 'Chief of all the Utes' and he did not hesitate to sign documents by that title. <ref>I never knew that about Colorado. A quaint volume of forgotten Lore by Abbot Fay</ref>
Although Ouray sought reconciliation between different peoples, with the belief that war with the whites likely meant the demise of the Ute tribe, other more militant Utes considered him a coward for his propensity to negotiate.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> Disturbed by the treaties that Ouray entered into, his brother-in-law "Hot Stuff" tried to kill him with an axe during his near-daily visit to the Los Piños Indian Agency in 1874.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
Treaty of Conejos of 1863
Colorado Territory was established on February 28, 1861.<ref name="Bennet1863">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1862, he convinced Utes to negotiate with the government to enter into a treaty to ensure the protection of hereditary lands of the Tabeguache.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> Kit Carson had noticed in 1862 that prospectors were mining and settling in areas that had been traditional hunting grounds for the Utes and game was becoming scarce. Carson helped him draft a treaty.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray was part of the delegation and was the translator in a meeting with the new Territorial Governor John Evans, after which he traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President Abraham Lincoln.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
Ouray negotiated with the U.S. government for the Treaty of Conejos (1863), which reduced their lands to 50% of what it had been, losing all lands east of the Continental Divide that included healing waters at Manitou Springs and the sacred land on Pikes Peak. It guaranteed that they would have the western one third of the state of the Colorado.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Johansen p. 811">Template:Cite book</ref> The Utes agreed that they would allow roads and military forts to be built on the land. As an encouragement to take up farming, they were given sheep, cattle, and $10,000 in goods and provisions over ten years.<ref name="Perry PT128">Template:Cite book</ref> The government generally did not provide the goods, provisions, or livestock mentioned in the treaty, and since game was scarce<ref name="Perry PT128" /> many Ute continued to hunt on ancestral Ute lands until they were removed to reservations in 1880 and 1881.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />Template:Efn Template:Clear left
Treaty of 1868
Around 1866, there were some Native Americans who had stolen livestock and otherwise upset new settlers.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Following an uprising by Chief Kaniatse, Colonel Kit Carson successfully negotiated a treaty with the Ouray and other Ute leaders in 1867.<ref name=SLVMA>Template:Cite web</ref> In the meantime, the government became interested in obtaining some more Ute land. Since the government had not lived up to its agreement to provide provisions for the winter months, Ouray was reluctant to give the government more land. Many Native Americans, though, were "in dire straits" and he agreed to be part of a delegation.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
In 1868, Ouray, Nicaagat, with Kit Carson were among a delegation to negotiate a treaty that would result in the creation of a reservation for the Ute,<ref name="Johansen p. 811" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> served by an Indian Agencies at White River and near Montrose with a school, blacksmith shop, sawmill, and warehouse. They lost a little land in the treaty, but Ouray hoped that having a government presence would mean that their lands would be protected. The treaty was signed by 47 Ute chiefs.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
Brunot Treaty of 1873
Silver deposits were found in the San Juan Mountains in 1872 and the government wanted again to negotiate for more land.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Feeding on his grief due to the unknown status of his son after the Utes were attacked by the Sioux, U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Felix Brunot had a 17-year-old orphan brought by Arapaho Chief Powder Face to meet Ouray and Chipeta in Washington, D.C. ten years after the abduction. This was the first of many attempts by Brunot to find his son and was conducted so that Ouray would relinquish mining property and keep treaty talks open. The boy was clearly not Ouray's son, he did not know anything from the Ute language, did not want to go with Ouray, and the details of his capture did not match the experience of Ouray's son. Tribal historians have stated that this meeting was upsetting to Ouray, but author Richard E. Wood states that the chief was impressed by the effort taken by the government. In 1873, with Ouray's help, the Brunot Agreement was ratified and the United States acquired the mineral-rich property they had been seeking. In exchange, the Native Americans were to receive provisions over time. Ouray was given land and a house in the Uncompahgre Valley near the Indian Agency. The government, though, was again reluctant to provide provisions.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Perry PT128" /> His negotiations had included a meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.<ref name="Perry PT128" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Meeker Massacre
Tensions increased in the area following the Meeker Massacre (1879) at the White River Indian Agency. Not understanding the Utes' love of horses, Nathan Meeker had their race track plowed and tried to force the nomadic hunters and gatherers to farm, and Meeker sought military help. Seeking peace, a tribe of Ute men led by Chief Douglas asked Meeker for peace, but a fight ensued. This made further negotiations for peace between Native Americans and whites very difficult. Local settlers demanded that the Utes be moved.<ref name="Burke">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Varnell" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When Ouray found out about the massacre, he asked, as head of the Utes, for the warriors to disperse and release hostages to him. The hostages, including Josephine Meeker, were delivered to Ouray's house at the Los Piños Indian Agency and were cared for by Chipeta.<ref name="Varnell" />
Final treaty
The U.S. government appointed a commission to determine a reservation for the Ute and Ouray and Chipeta went to Washington, D.C. in 1880 for the final treaty for the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /> Members of the commission were Alfred B. Meacham, former U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon; Otto Mears, a railroad executive, and George W. Manypenny, former Commissioner of Indian Affairs.Template:Citation needed When President Rutherford B. Hayes met Ouray in Washington, DC, he said that the Ute was "the most intellectual man I've ever conversed with."<ref name="Varnell" />
When he had returned to Colorado, and while dying with Bright's disease, Ouray traveled to the Ignacio Indian Agency office to have the treaty signed by the Southern Utes.<ref name="Varnell" />
Utes were later put on a reservation in Utah, Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation,<ref name="Burke" /> as well as two reservations in Colorado: Ute Mountain Ute Tribe and Southern Ute Indian Reservation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Personal life
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Ouray's first wife, Black Mare, died after the birth of their only child, a boy named Queashegut, also known as Pahlone, and called Paron (apple) by his father because of his round, dimpled face. In 1859, Ouray married the sixteen-year old Chipeta (Ute meaning: White Singing Bird), who had been caring for Ouray's son since Black Mare's death earlier that year.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell">Template:Cite book</ref>
When Queashegut was five years old, Ouray took him along on a buffalo hunt with a total party of 31 men in 1860 or 1863. Their hunting camp, near Fort Lupton, was attacked by 300 Sioux warriors and Queashegut left the tepee where he sought shelter with Chipeta to follow Ute warriors. After the fight, they were unable to find him.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> He had been captured and traded to an Arapaho band.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray never saw his son again and remained in deep grief. He tried to find his son for the rest of his life and feared "he was raised to fight against his own."<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /> While visiting Kit Carson at Fort Garland in 1866, Ouray and Chipeta met and adopted two girls and two boys.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
Ouray's sister, Shawsheen (also Tsashin and Susan), was in Big Thompson Canyon in 1861 or 1863 when she was abducted by the Arapaho. Soldiers from Fort Collins found her two years later in 1863 or 1865, but she was afraid of them and escaped. She was later found by Utes and returned to Ouray's tribe.<ref name="denverpost.com" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
He had several homes in Colorado, one of them by the town of Ouray.<ref name="Burke" /> For twenty years, Ouray lived with Chipeta on a farm on the Uncompahgre River near Montrose. The 300-acre farm had pasture land and 50 acres of irrigated farm land. The six-room adobe house was well-furnished, including a piano and fine china.<ref name="Varnell" /> The Ute Indian Museum is located on their original 8.65 acre homestead in Montrose.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Chipeta was a member of a Methodist church; Ouray was an Episcopalian.<ref name="Varnell" /> Ouray never cut his long Ute-fashion hair, though he often dressed in the European-American style.<ref name="Burke" />
Ouray died on August 24, 1880, near the Los Piños Indian Agency in Colorado. His people secretly buried him near Ignacio, Colorado.<ref name="denverpost.com"/>Template:Efn Forty-five years later, in 1925, his bones were re-interred in a full ceremony led by Buckskin Charley and John McCook at the Ignacio cemetery.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A 1928 article in the Denver Post reads in part, "He saw the shadow of doom on his people" and a 2012 article writes, "He sought peace among tribes and whites, and a fair shake for his people, though Ouray was dealt a sad task of liquidating a once-mighty force that ruled nearly 23 million acres of the Rocky Mountains."<ref name="denverpost.com"/>
Legacy and honors
Ouray's obituary in The Denver Tribune stated:
In the death of Ouray, one of the historical characters passes away. He has figured for many years as the greatest Indian of his time, and during his life has figured quite prominently. Ouray is in many respects...a remarkable Indian...pure instincts and keen perception. A friend to the white man and protector to the Indians alike.
Places named for Ouray
- Camp Chief Ouray, located in Granby, Colorado.
- Mount Ouray in the Sawatch Mountain Range and Ouray Peak in Chaffee County, both in Colorado, were named for him.
- Ouray County and its county seat, the town of Ouray in Colorado, as well as the community of Ouray, Utah are named for him.
- SS Chief Ouray, a World War II liberty ship, now named USS Deimos
Notes
References
Further reading
- Bueler, Gladys R. Colorado's Colorful Characters Pruett Publishing Company: Boulder, Colorado, 1981.
- Grant, Bruce. The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000.
- Jenson, H. Bert. Chipeta: Glory and Heartache", The Outlaw Trail Journal, n.d., Salt Lake City, Utah, on Utah State University, Unintah Basin Education Center Website
- Template:Cite magazine See "Danger of Bloody Collisions", "Chief Ouray, the Statesman", and "The Gift to the Great Father"
- Smith, P. David. Ouray Chief of the Utes Wayfinder Press: Ouray, Colorado, 1990.
- Wyss, Thelma Hatch. Bear Dancer the Story of a Ute Girl Margaret K. McElderry Books: New York, 2010.
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikisource
- Template:Find a Grave
- "Chief Ouray", Southern Ute
- "Chief Ouray" Template:Webarchive, History to Go, Utah State Website
- "Ouray´s son... or not?", American-Tribes.com
- "Old Photos - Ute", American-Tribes.com