Pacific–Antarctic Ridge
The Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR, Antarctic Pacific Ridge, South Pacific Rise, South Pacific Ridge)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is a divergent tectonic plate boundary located on the seafloor of the South Pacific Ocean, separating the Pacific plate from the Antarctic plate. It is regarded as the southern section of the East Pacific Rise in some usages, generally south of the Challenger fracture zone which is associated with a triple junction between the Juan Fernández microplate, the Pacific plate and the Antarctic plate. It stretches from there in a general southwesterly direction to the Macquarie Triple Junction south of New Zealand.<ref name=brit>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tectonics
The divergence rate between the two plates along the ridge is believed to vary from about Template:Convert near 65°S to Template:Convert near the Udintsev fracture zone at 55°S.<ref name=Geli1997>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp This area of transition in sea floor spreading rate has been mapped by multiple techniques and occurs near the Heirtzler fracture zone.<ref name="Ondréas2001">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The ridge is related to the Late Cretaceous breakup of Gondwana. To the southeast the historic Bellingshausen plate separated the Pacific and Antarctic plates between about 84 to 61 million years ago.<ref name=Wobbe2012>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp Until about 33 million years ago, the Proto-Antipodes fracture zone well to the south separated two independent spreading centers, now merged, being the Antarctic–Pacific Ridge and that of the Antarctic–Campbell Plateau.<ref name=Wobbe2012/>Template:Rp
Fracture zones
Fracture zones are generally areas of low gravity on the seafloor parallel to a spreading center.<ref name="Ondréas2001"/> The named fracture zones going southwest along the rise, include:
- Challenger fracture zone
- Menard fracture zone
- Raitt fracture zone
- Heezen fracture zone – northern part of Eltanin fault system which appears continuous to the north with the Louisville Ridge
- Tharp fracture zone – southern part of Eltanin fault system
- George V fracture zone
- Udintsev fracture zone
- Le Géographe fracture zone
- Astronome fracture zone
- Antipodes fracture zone
- Le Petit Prince fracture zone
- Saint-Exupéry fracture zone
- Le Renard fracture zone
- La Rose fracture zone
- Heirtzler fracture zone
- Endeavour fracture zone (offset from Heirtzler fracture zone poorly defined more recently than about 43.5 Ma – Chron 20)<ref name="Cande1995">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ogg2020" />
- Pahemo fracture zone (not defined more recently than about 43.5 Ma – Chron 20)<ref name="Cande1995" /><ref name="Ogg2020" />
- Pitman fracture zone (initiated as an offset of Kohiku and Pahemo fracture zones around 62.5 Ma – Chron 27)<ref name="Cande1995" /><ref name="Ogg2020" />
- Kohiku fracture zone (amalgamates with Pitman more recently than 31 Ma – Chron 12)<ref name="Cande1995" /><ref name="Ogg2020" />
- Erebus fracture zone
- Terror fracture zone
- Emerald fracture zone
- Hjort fracture zone
The Louisville Ridge
Template:Main Stretching for Template:Cvt north-west from the Eltanin fault system which intersects the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge to the Osbourn Seamount at Tonga and Kermadec Junction<ref name=keat>Template:Cite book </ref> is a long line of seamounts called the Louisville Ridge – the longest such chain in the Pacific<ref name=agu>Template:Cite journal</ref> – thought to have formed from the Pacific Plate sliding over a long-lived center of upwelling magma called the Louisville hotspot.