Pahlavi dynasty

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Pp-move Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox family The Pahlavi dynasty (Template:Langx) was an Iranian royal dynasty that was the last to rule Iran before the country's monarchy was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It was founded in 1925 by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Iranian soldier of Mazanderani origin,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who took on the name of the Pahlavi scripts of the Middle Persian language from the Sasanian Empire of pre-Islamic Iran.Template:Cn The dynasty largely espoused this form of Iranian nationalism rooted in the pre-Islamic era (notably based on the Achaemenid Empire) during its time in power, especially under its last king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade.<ref name="GhaniGhanī2001">Template:Cite book</ref> About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran.<ref name=Zirinsky/><ref>Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096</ref> The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey, but he abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of constitutional monarchy from 1925 until 1953, and following the overthrow of the elected prime minister, for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was overthrown in 1979.

Family background

Template:See also In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.<ref name="Afkhami2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Zirinsky>Template:Cite journal</ref> His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza's birth.<ref>Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" I.B.Tauris, 2006. Template:ISBN p 269</ref> His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Heads of the House of Pahlavi

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Number Picture Name Family relations Lifespan Assumed title Relinquished title
I Reza Shah Template:Small
Reza Pahlavi 		— 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
(abdicated)
II Mohammad Reza Shah Template:Small
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 		Son of Reza Pahlavi 1919–1980 16 September 1941 11 February 1979
(deposed)
27 July 1980
(died)
— Template:Small
Farah Pahlavi
(Template:Nee) 		Third wife and widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1938–current 27 July 1980
 31 October 1980
(regency expired)
III Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Template:Small
Reza PahlaviTemplate:Efn 		Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Farah Pahlavi 1960–current 31 October 1980
 Incumbent

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Consorts

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Number Picture Name Father Lifespan Marriage Became consort Ceased to be consort Spouse
I Tadj ol-Molouk Teymūr Khan Ayromlou 1896–1982 1916 15 December 1925 16 September 1941

(husband abdicated)

Reza Pahlavi
II Esmat Dowlatshahi Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi 1905–1995 1923
III File:Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt by Armand (3x4 cropped).jpg Princess Fawzia of Egypt Fuad I of Egypt 1921–2013 1939 16 September 1941 17 November 1948

(divorced)

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
IV File:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari-045 (3x4 cropped).jpg Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 1932–2001 12 February 1951 15 March 1958

(divorced)

V Farah Diba Sohrab Diba 1938–current 21 December 1959
(as queen consort) 		11 February 1979
(husband was deposed)
26 October 1967
(as empress consort) 		27 July 1980
(widowed)
Office vacant from 27 July 1980 to 12 June 1986
VI File:MG-1587 (3x4 cropped).jpg Yasmine Etemad-Amini Abdullah Etemad-Amini 1968–current 12 June 1986 Incumbent Reza Pahlavi
File:Portrait of H.I.M. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.jpg
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 1960s

Heirs

File:Prince Alireza Pahlavi.jpg
Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, the heir presumptive until his death in 1954

The 1906 constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from the Qajar dynasty could become the heir apparent.<ref name="Dareini">Template:Cite book</ref> This made all half-brothers of Mohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne.<ref name="Dareini"/> Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother Ali Reza was his heir presumptive.<ref name="Dareini"/> The constitution also required the Shah to be of Iranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Line of succession in February 1979

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Current line of succession

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List of crown princes

Name Portrait Relationship to monarch Became heir Ceased to be heir; reason
Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926
1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Eldest son 25 April 1926<ref name="LOC">Template:Cite book</ref> 16 September 1941

(Became king)

Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967
2 Reza Pahlavi II Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Eldest son 1 November 1960 (proclaimed)<ref name="LOC"/>

26 October 1967 (designated)<ref name="LOC"/>

11 February 1979

(Father deposed)

Royal jewels

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Monuments

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Use of titles

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  • Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty
  • Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty
  • Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style His Imperial Highness
  • Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style His Imperial Highness.
  • Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style Her Imperial Highness.
  • Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles His Highness or Her Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

See also

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References

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