Panjakent

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Panjakent (Template:Langx) or Penjikent (Template:LangxTemplate:Efn) is a city in the Sughd province of Tajikistan on the river Zeravshan, with a population of 52,500 (2020 estimate). It was once an ancient town in Sogdiana. The ruins of the old town are on the outskirts of the modern city. The Sarazm Important Bird Area lies downstream of the city on the tugay-vegetated floodplain of the river.

History

Ancient Panjakent was a small but flourishing town of the Sogdians in pre-Islamic Central Asia. It was known as Panchekanth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It means five towns (villages) in Persian. The ethnic and territorial name "Soghd/Soghdian" or Sughd/Sughdian was mentioned in history as early as the Iranian Achaemenid dynasty (6th century BC). The Achaemenids founded several city-states, as well as cities along the ancient Silk Road and in the Zarafshan valley.

File:Caryatid Panjakent MNAT Rest1418.jpg
Caryatid, 7th–8th century. From Panjakent, Tajikistan.

The town grew in the 5th century AD and many professionals such as established businessmen and landowners made their livelihoods in Panjakent. In AD 722, Arab Muslims forces besieged and took the town. The last ruler of the town Divashtich fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death. For around 50 years, ancient Panjakent was ruled by new administrators but towards the end of the 8th century the town on the upper terraces was depopulated and relocated. Many ancient ruins of the old city, particularly the city architecture and works of art remain today.

It is important to note, that the Sogdians settled in a number of the city states Zeravashan alley and the surrounding oases clustered mostly around the Samarkand. Those city states had a strong rivalry between themselves, with their own traditions rules and ruling families, creating a very decentralised political system. Similarly the city of Panjakent was located around 90 km away from Samarkand and was a vassal state to Samarkand though it still had a vibrant and prosperous economy.<ref>Powell, Eric A. "A Silk Road Renaissance." Archaeology 73, no. 4 (2020): 36–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27056725.</ref>

Numerous records of a Penjikent rulership, written in Sogdian, were located not far of Penjikent on Mount Mug. Through their reading of these texts, the public of Central Asia in the 8th century will judge on social, economic and political life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Penjikent in Tajikistan.jpg
Ruins of ancient Penjikent in Tajikistan.Template:Coord

According to Arab geographers, Panjakent in the 10th century had a formal Friday mosque that distinguished the place as a town from a village. It was the easternmost city of Soghd, and became well known for its walnuts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Russian archaeologist Boris Marshak spent more than fifty years excavating the ruins at Panjakent.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He remained there even after Tajik independence as director of the excavation of the Panjakent ruins, during the years of Civil War in Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997. Through close cooperation with the government of Tajikistan, Marshak ensured the protection and continued excavation of the Panjakent ruins.

Ancient murals and artifacts

Template:Main Numerous murals were recovered from the site of Panjikent, and many of them are now on display in the Hermitage Museum and in the National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan in Dushanbe. A great variety influences are visible in the paintings, which show details of dress and daily life: Greek decorative styles encounter the Iranian narratives of the Shahnameh and the epic cycle of Rostam, scenes of festivities alternate with depictions of combats, local cults mix with Iranian and Hindu deities. Shaivism was popular in Sogdiana and Eastern Turkestan as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ("Yajnopavita"). He is clad in a tigerskin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. There is a depiction of him four-legged seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.

The production of paintings started in the 5th century AD and stopped in 722 AD with the invasion of the Abbasid Caliphate, and many works of art were damaged or destroyed at that time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Geography

Climate

File:Pajakent Bazaar1.jpg
Panjakent bazaar

Panjakent has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa). The warmest month is July and the coldest month is January. The average annual precipitation is Template:Convert and has an average of 108 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of Template:Convert of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of Template:Convert of precipitation.

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Subdivisions

Before ca. 2018, Panjakent was the seat of Panjakent District, which covered the rural part of the present city of Panjakent.<ref name=pop2015>Template:Cite web</ref> The city of Panjakent covers Panjakent proper and fourteen jamoats.<ref name=pop2020/> These are as follows:<ref name=jambi>Jamoat-level basic indicators, United Nations Development Programme in Tajikistan, accessed 3 October 2020</ref>

Jamoat Population (Jan. 2015)<ref name=jambi/>
Amondara 13,380
Chinor 6,879
Farob 8,650
Khalifa Hassan 14,728
Khurmi 10,451
Kosatarosh 18,986
Loiq Sherali 18,675
Moghiyon 19,553
Rudaki 18,465
Sarazm 27,877
Shing 10,873
Sujina 12,285
Voru 12,347
Yori 19,045

Notable people

File:Rudaki Tomb in Panjkent-after restored.jpg
The Rudaki Tomb of Panjakent

See also

Notes

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References

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