Papa Wemba

Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba<ref name="bbc.com">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Post-nominals (14 June 1949 – 24 April 2016), known professionally as Papa Wemba (Template:IPA), was a Congolese singer and musician who played Congolese rumba, soukous, and ndombolo.<ref name="nostalgieyamboka">Template:Cite web</ref> Dubbed the "King of Rumba Rock",<ref name="bbc.com"/> he was one of the most popular musicians of his time in Africa and played an important role in world music. He was also a fashion icon who popularized the Sape look and style through his musical group Viva la Musica,<ref name="BBC-obit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="inside-africa">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Andreas Preuss (24 April 2016). Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with whom he performed on stages throughout the world.<ref name="nytimes.com">Margalit Fox (25 April 2016). Template:Cite news</ref>

Musical career

Papa Wemba's road to fame and prominence began when he joined the music group Zaiko Langa Langa in 1969. This was followed by his success as a founding member both of Isifi Lokole and then Yoka Lokole,<ref group="n">"Both groups used the lokole, a hollow tree trunk played with two sticks, as a rhythmic foundation"</ref> along with a short stint as a member of Afrisa International for a few months.<ref name="Brazzaville Futé"/> During these early stages of his career, he was establishing a style that included traditional Congolese rumba and soukous, infused with traditional African sounds, Caribbean rhythms, rock and soul.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> But Wemba gained international success and status with his band Viva La Musica, especially after he took them to Paris, France in the early 1980s. It was there that Wemba was able to achieve more of an "eclectic sound" in his work,<ref name="africanmusic.org">Template:Cite web</ref> influenced by western popular music that reflected a European flavor and style, referred to as "Europop."<ref name="dico"/> Wemba spoke about this transition in his music during a 2004 interview:

Zaïko Langa Langa

File:Félix Manuaku Waku and Papa Wemba, Tam Tam, 1970.jpg

Papa Wemba and Félix Manuaku Waku, ca. 1972

On 23 December 1969 Wemba, who was accompanying one of the Mitshio brothers to visit their aunt in Kinshasa, found the band Bel Guide National rehearsing in the backyard. He asked them if he could perform a song for them. He sang an original composition "Désespoir Jules"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and impressed the band’s administrators.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The next day, Bel Guide National was dissolved by its administration which decided to form (with Wemba as a singer) what-became the influential rock-rumba<ref name="Brazzaville Futé">Template:Cite book</ref> band Zaïko Langa Langa (ZLL)<ref name="Harris">Template:Cite web</ref> keeping just two Bel Guide National members: Jossart N'Yoka Longo and Félix Manuaku Waku. He remained with the group for four years.<ref name="Harris"/>

Papa Wemba (then known as Jules Presley Shungu Wembadio) helped contribute to the success of Zaiko Langa Langa so that, by 1973, it was one of the more successful Congolese groups. By that time, ZLL's shows and performances featured a string of their popular hits, some of them written by Wemba. The latter included "Pauline", "C'est La Vérité", "Chouchouna", and "Liwa Ya Somo".<ref name="Harris"/>

Zaiko Langa Langa had gained a strong and popular following even in a Congolese musical world that, in those days, was already dominated by various musical acts including Franco Luambo and his band TPOK Jazz, or Tabu Ley Rochereau's various ensembles.<ref name="bbc.com"/> ZLL was also vying for an audience with other (at the time) new musical acts such as Bella-Bella and Empire Bakuba.<ref name="batheatres.com">Template:Cite web Note: this website is in French (top of the page) and English (bottom of the page).</ref>

Isifi Lokole

In December 1974, at the pinnacle of their fame (and just a month after the Rumble in the Jungle between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa),<ref name="bbc.com"/> Papa Wemba (usually called 'Shungu Wembadio' at this point in his career) along with Evoloko Lay Lay, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana,<ref name="batheatres.com"/> left Zaiko Langa Langa to establish their own musical ensemble Isifi Lokole.<ref name="bbc.com"/> Wemba later claimed that ISIFI was an acronym for "Institut du Savoir Ideologique pour la Formation des Idoles," a claim that has still not been given total credence. In July 1975, Shungu Wembadio officially adopted the soon-to-be-well-known-worldwide name Papa Wemba. The "Papa" (father) part of his name had already been given to him as a traditional and cultural rite because he was his mother's first-born son.<ref name="batheatres.com"/> But in assuming a new name and public persona, "Papa" was now re-emphasized as an allusion to the demanding family responsibilities that Wemba assumed at very young age, since both parents were now deceased: Wemba's father in 1966, followed by his mother in 1973.<ref name="batheatres.com"/> Isifi Lokole would only last a year together as a group, with the single "Amazone" (a Wemba composition) as its biggest commercial "hit" record.

Yoka Lokole

In November 1975, Papa Wemba, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana left Isifi Lokole to create the group Yoka Lokole<ref name="Harris"/><ref name="batheatres.com"/> (also known as The Kinshasa's Wa Fania All-Stars).<ref name="batheatres.com"/> Yoka Lokole contributed to the African pop music wave with their hit songs including "Matembele Bangui", "Lisuma ya Zazu" (Papa Wemba), "Mavuela Sala Keba", and "Bana Kin" (Mavuela Somo).<ref name="batheatres.com"/>

Like Isifi Lokole, the electronic-instrument-driven Yoka Lokole would not last much longer than a year.<ref name="Brazzaville Futé"/> After a year of modest success, controversies within Yoka Lokole over money and prestige were also complicated by Wemba's arrest and brief incarceration in Kinshasa Central prison in December 1976<ref name="bbc.com1">Template:Cite news</ref> when he was suspected of having a relationship with army general's daughter.<ref name="bbc.com1"/> The band continued to tour without Papa Wemba. For whatever reason (or reasons), whether it was personal or professional (with one source speculating that he was perhaps feeling diminished in the public's eye),<ref name="batheatres.com"/> by 1977 Wemba had formed a new group, and called it Viva la Musica.<ref name="batheatres.com"/><ref name="Harris"/>

Viva la Musica

In 1977–78, back home now in the Matonge neighborhood of Kinshasa, Papa Wemba set out to create his group Viva la Musica. This new band's name was suggested to him in 1974, when he attended a concert in Kinshasa that featured the New York-based Latinos, Fania All-Stars. During the concert, one of the singers would shout to the audience "Viva La Musica!" to an enthusiastic response.<ref name="nostalgieyamboka"/> Wemba's vision was to structure Viva la Musica around young, talented but largely unknown artists, including the singers Prince Espérant, Jadot "le Cambodgien" Sombele, Debaba el Shabab, Pepe Bipoli and Petit Aziza, and various guitarists such as Rigo Star, Syriana, and Bongo Wende.<ref name=Stewart224/> The new group included the traditional instrument lokole. There was also an associated dance, the mukonyonyo, as well as a fashion style.<ref name="Brazzaville Futé"/>

The band achieved immediate success and, during their first year performing together, the Kinshasa newspaper Elima named the band "best orchestra" and their single, "Mère Supérieure," best song.<ref name="Harris"/> During the following three years, Viva la Musica built on these initial accolades with more hit songs including "Moku Nyon Nyon", "Nyekesse Migue'l", and "Cou Cou Dindon".<ref name="Harris"/> As time went by, it was revealed that Antoine Agbepa was the unknown writer of many of these songs, when Papa Wemba said, "Ooh! l'homme idée" (Oh! the idea-man!), thereby on-the-spot renaming the impressive young singer-songwriter Koffi Olomide – and the name stuck.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After his success already with three influential groups, in 1977 Papa Wemba established a kind of commune for musicians. To accomplish this, he used his family home (on Kanda-Kanda street) as a fashionable gathering place for Matonge youths. He named it "Village Molokai" and declared himself to be its tribal chief (chef coutumier).<ref name=Stewart224>Template:Cite book</ref>

Move to Paris

Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wemba (both by himself and with Viva la Musica) started traveling to Paris,<ref name="africanmusic.org"/> believing there was a potentially wider audience for the music he had been helping to create during the preceding decade. As Wemba biographer Craig Harris put it:Template:Quote

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wemba's style was more readily identifiable even as it had become an amalgamation of rumba, soukous and ndombolo, Latin and rock, melded to a European-oriented pop style.<ref name="dico"/> But still wanting to expand their musical horizons, and move in new musical directions,<ref name="dico"/> Viva la Musica took on a dual-identity. Wemba now maintained one group in Kinshasa (called at times "Nouvelle Ecriture", "Nouvel Ecrita" and then again "Viva la Musica") and another one in Paris ("Nouvelle Generation," "La Cour des Grands" and now "Viva Tendance"). The group consistently maintained a high profile in world music with hits like "Le Voyageur" (1992),<ref name="dico"/> "Emotion" (1995),<ref name="bbc.com"/> and "Pole Position" (1996).<ref name="batheatres.com"/> In 2000, Papa Wemba and Nouvelle Écriture issued the album À La Une under Rigo Makengo Productions in France. The following year, he released three additional projects: Hiroshima with Viva La Musica through Afrisong Records in France; Mokili Compliqué with Franck Issekya under the French label Sono of the SonoDisc group; and 100% Star Bakala Dia Kuba via the independent French label Next Music from the Musisoft group.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> 100% Star Bakala Dia Kuba performed exceptionally well in Paris and Kinshasa. On 31 December 2001, he sold-out the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy, where he was joined onstage by Wendo Kolosoy. This performance formed part of a European tour that included France, Belgium, England, and Switzerland, before the band returned home at the end of February 2002 after a stop in West Africa.<ref name=":0" />

By this time, Wemba's use of African, Cuban and Western influences was not only one of Africa's most popular music styles,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it was crossing cultural boundaries and attracting a more diverse audience outside of Africa. In 1993, Wemba joined with Peter Gabriel for the latter's Secret World Tour,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and this drew attention to Wemba's unique style and groundbreaking sound.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The aforementioned Emotion album, released in 1995, showed that he was achieving a global following.<ref name="bbc.com"/> This album appeared under Peter Gabriel's Real World record label, and sold more than 100,000 copies.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

Legal issues

In February 2003, Wemba was suspected of being involved in a network that had allegedly assisted hundreds of people in illegally immigrating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Europe.<ref name=BBC2004>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At that point he was arrested in Paris<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and held while awaiting a trial. He then spent three-and-a-half months in prison until a €30,000 bail was posted (some reports claimed it was paid by the Congolese government).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2003 Wemba was released from prison which was an experience that, upon his release, he declared had had a profound psychological effect on him. The singer claimed to have undergone a spiritual conversion in jail<ref name=BBC2004/> and even recounted this episode on his album Somo Trop (released in October 2003). On the song "Numéro d'écrou", he recalled the day "God" paid a visit to his cell.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2004, he was convicted in France, fined, and given a suspended prison sentence.<ref name="npr.org">Template:Cite web</ref> Wemba returned to the Congo in 2006.<ref name="Brazzaville Futé"/>

Cultural influence

Music

Papa Wemba's impact on the culture is also reflected by his influence on a new generation of musicians and performers. For example, Priyan Weerappuli (leader of the Sri Lankan group Pahan Silu) referred to Wemba as being among his greatest musical influences.<ref name="pahansilu.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Weerappuli claims that he was first introduced to Wemba's music in 2004 and was "deeply inspired by the free rhythms demonstrated by Wemba's Soukous style" and, from that point, "began experimenting with these rhythms in his own compositions."<ref name="pahansilu.com"/>

Many others paid tribute to Papa Wemba's legacy after his death in April 2016. Some of them included not only Koffi Olomide and Manu Dibango (both mentioned previously), but musicians King Kikii and Femi Kuti, along with soccer star Samuel Eto'o (among others) gave testimony to his lasting influence on them.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Fashion

In 1979, Papa Wemba became the unofficial leader of La Sape (Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes d'Élégance, literally translated as the "Society of Atmosphere-setters and Elegant People") which he promoted as a youth subculture in Zaire.<ref name="inside-africa"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Their style was influenced by the fashion centres of Paris and Milan.<ref name="dico">Template:Cite book</ref> Wemba said:

The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire. When I say well groomed, well shaved, well perfumed, it's a characteristic that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After Wemba's death, Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango told the BBC during an interview:

Film career

Papa Wemba got some attention as a movie actor, primarily because he played the male lead role in a very successful Zairean film La Vie est Belle (Life is Beautiful) [1987] by Belgian director Benoît Lamy and Congolese producer-director Ngangura Mweze.<ref name="njaj1">Template:Cite web</ref> Wemba made another kind of contribution to cinema, thanks to his work on the soundtracks for Children of Men, Besieged, and Black Mic Mac. Wemba is also credited as "composer" of the scores for the films Identity Pieces, Macadam tribu, along with Life is Beautiful..<ref name="imdb.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

During his life, Wemba acted in a few more successful films, although he played only minor roles. As recently as 2012, he had a cameo role in the Belgian drama film Kinshasa Kids.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Beyond the impact of his important role in Life is Beautiful, there are his many music videos and recorded band performances. Also, Wemba is featured (as himself) in many documentary films which were generally well received including; The Importance of Being Elegant, The Real World of Peter Gabriel and The African Rock 'n' Roll Years (all television) documentaries).<ref name="imdb.com"/>

Death

Wemba died at the age of 66 after collapsing on stage in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, during the FEMUA urban music festival on Sunday 24 April 2016.<ref name="BBC-obit"/> On Monday 25 April it was reported that his widow, Mama-Marie Luzolo Amazone, flew to Abidjan "accompanied by family members and government officials."<ref name="nation.co.ke">Template:Cite web</ref> In Wemba's hometown of Kinshasa, both fellow musicians and fans gathered together as a tribute to his legacy. Similar tributes also took place in Paris, London, Brussels and Nairobi.<ref name="nation.co.ke"/> He was posthumously awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba at the Palais du Peuple in Kinshasa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Selected discography

Studio albums

• Papa Wemba, EMI France (1988)
• Le Voyageur, Real World Records / Virgin Records (1992)
• Foridoles (1994)
• Emotion, Real World Records / Virgin Records (1995) FR No. 129 US No. 14(World)
• Molokaï, Real World Records / Virgin Records (1998)
• Nouvelle Ecriture dans L (1998)
• M’Zée Fula-Ngenge (1999)
• Légende (2001)
• Notre Père Rumba (2009)

Live albums

• Papa Wemba Au Japon (1986)
• Papa Wemba Live New Morning, Real World Records (2006)

Other albums

• Wake Up (with Koffi Olomide) (1996)
• Big Blue Ball, Real World Records / Rykodisc (2008) BE No. 37 FR No. 13 US No. 130

Filmography

• Les Habits neufs du gouverneur (The Governor's New Clothes) (2005)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Combat de fauves (Wild Games) (1997) – role: "The African"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• La Vie est Belle (Life Is Beautiful) [alternate title: Life Is Rosy] (1987) – role: Kourou<ref name="njaj1"/>
• Kinshasa Kids (Kinshasa Kids) (2012) – as himself

Notes

<references group="n" />

External links

• Template:Official
• Interview with Papa Wemba in 1995
• [https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: 0920707

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