Pathanamthitta district
Template:About Template:Pp-move Template:Original research Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Pathanamthitta district (Template:IPA), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. The district headquarters is in the town of Pathanamthitta. There are four municipalities in Pathanamthitta: Adoor, Pandalam, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla.
According to the 2011 Census of India, the population was 1,197,412, making it the third least populous district in Kerala (out of 14), after Wayanad and Idukki.<ref name="districtcensus">Template:Cite web</ref> Pathanamthitta has been declared the first polio-free district in India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The district is 10.03% urbanised.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The district spans 2,652 km², more than half of which is covered by forest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Etymology
The district's name is a combination of two Malayalam words, Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration, which together mean 'array of houses on the river side'.<ref name="ptahistory">Template:Cite web</ref> The district capital is located on the banks of the river Achankovil.
History and formation
It is presumed that the regions that form the district were formerly under the rule of Pandalam, which had connections with the Pandya kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When Pandalam was added to the princely state of Travancore in 1820, the region came under Travancore administration. The Nedumpuram Palace near Thiruvalla belongs to Valluvanad Royal family. Pathanamthitta district, along with most parts of Alappuzha district, was part of the Quilon division of the Travancore Kingdom until 1949.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The district was formed on 1 November 1982 as a reward to K. K. Nair, who was the then Pathanamthitta MLA, by K. Karunakaran. The formation was done by incorporating various portions of the erstwhile Kollam, Alappuzha and Idukki districts. While the taluks Adoor, Konni, Pathanamthitta, Kozhencherry and Ranni were taken from Kollam district; Pandalam, Kulanada, Aranmula, Kumbanad, Parumala, Thiruvalla and Mallapally were taken from Alappuzha district; and Sabarimala from Idukki district.<ref name="ptahistory"/>
Cultural revival
Pathanamthitta, being a land of culture and learning, could bring together the literary talents of two centuries in a single volume called Desathuti: Pathanamthitta Kavithakal. Unnikrishnan Poozhikkad collected 184 poems from different poets of Pathanamthitta starting in the 18th century.<ref>Unnikrishnan Poozhikkad, ″Desathuti: Pathanamthitta Kavithakal″, Lens Books, Adoor, 2012</ref>Template:Page needed
Geography
Pathanamthitta is a landlocked district, located at Template:Coord, spanning over an area of Template:Convert.<ref name="ptadb06">Template:Cite web</ref> The district is bordered by the districts Kottayam and Idukki districts in the north, Alappuzha district in the west, Kollam district in the south. To the east it borders the Tenkasi district of the Tamil Nadu state. Devar Mala is the highest point in Pathnamthitta District.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The district can be divided into three natural geographical regions: the highland, the midland and the lowland. The highland stretches through the Western Ghats, where the hills are tall and covered with thick forests. Western Ghats maintains an average altitude of around 800 m. It descends to the smaller hills of midland in the centre and finally to the lowland. The lowland with its abundance of coconut trees, lies along the eastern borders of Alappuzha district.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (western part of Tiruvalla Taluk)
Forest
Pathanamthitta district has a reserve forest area of Template:Convert.<ref name="indiacensus">Template:Cite web</ref> This is approximately 50% of the total district area. The forest area can broadly be classified as evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous. The forest is the main source of raw materials for wood based industrial units. Timber is the most important produce.Template:Citation needed
Rivers
Three important rivers flow through the district. These rivers originate from various mountains of the Western Ghats mountain range. The Pamba (Template:Convert), which is the third longest river in Kerala, has its origin in Pulachimala. The Achankovil river (Template:Convert) originates from Pasukida Mettu, and Manimala river (Template:Convert) originates from the Thattamalai hills. A small portion of Kallada river also falls in the southern border of the district. Pamba, Achankovil and Manimala rivers together drain more than 70% of the total area of Pathanamthitta.<ref name="pampapollution">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Administration
District administration
The district headquarters is at Pathanamthitta town. The district administration is headed by the District Collector. He is assisted by five Deputy Collectors holding charges of general matters, revenue recovery, land acquisition, land reforms and election. Pathanamthitta town is the administrative headquarters of the Pathanamthitta district. The district is divided into two revenue divisions for land revenue administration—Thiruvalla and Adoor. Each division is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO), who is either a Sub Collector (IAS) or an officer from the Deputy Collector cadre.<ref name="ptnrvn"/> Each revenue division consists of several taluks, each headed by a Tahsildar, and each taluk comprises a group of revenue villages.
Taluks
Template:Main The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks within them.<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Taluks in the Thiruvalla Revenue Division are:<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
| Thiruvalla | Mallappally | Ranni<ref name="ptnrvn">Template:Cite web</ref> |
- Taluks in the Adoor Revenue Division are:<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
| Kozhencherry | Adoor | Konni<ref name="ptnrvn"/> |
Revenue villages
Pathanamthitta district is divided into 70 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration.<ref name="ptnrvn"/> They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below.<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Thiruvalla Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Eraviperoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kadapra<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kaviyoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kavumbhagom<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Koipuram<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kuttappuzha<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kuttoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Nedumpuram<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Niranam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Peringara<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Thiruvalla<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Thottapuzhassery<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Mallappally Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Anicadu<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ezhumattoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kallooppara<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kottangal<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kunnamthanam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Mallappally<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Perumpetty<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Puramattam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Thelliyoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Ranni Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Athikkayam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ayiroor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Cherukole<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Chethakkal<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kollamula<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Perunad<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ranni<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ranni-Angadi<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ranni-Pazhavangadi<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Vadasserikara<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Kozhencherry Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Aranmula<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Chenneerkara<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Elanthoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kidangannoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kozhencherry<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kulanada<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Mezhuveli<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Naranganam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Omallur<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Pathanamthitta<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Adoor Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Adoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Angadickal<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Enadimangalam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Enathu<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Erathu<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Ezhamkulam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kadampanad<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kodumon<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kurampala<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Pallickal<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Pandalam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Pandalam Thekkekara<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Peringanadu<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Thumpamon<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Konni Taluk
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Ayravon<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Aruvappulam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Chittar<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Kalanjoor<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Konni<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Konnithazham<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Koodal<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Malayalappuzha<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Mylapra<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Pramadom<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Seethathodu<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Thannithode<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Vallicode<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
- Vallicode-Kottayam<ref name="ptnrvn"/>
Local self-government institutions
Under the three tier system of panchayat in rural areas, Pathanamthitta has one district panchayat, 9 block panchayat and 57 grama panchayats. Under the single tier system in urban areas, there are 4 municipalities in the district.
Municipal towns
Legislative representation
As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Pathanamthitta has five Assembly constituencies, down from eight. However, the district was unified into a single Parliamentary constituency, thus contributing a seat to the Lok Sabha. The Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency is formed by including all the five state legislative assembly constituencies of the district along with two other assembly constituencies in the neighbouring Kottayam district.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
There is a Lok Sabha constituency in Pathanamthitta: Pathanamthitta.
There are five Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Pathanamthitta district.<ref>Niyamsabha official site</ref>
| Sl no. | Constituency | Member | Party | Alliance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thiruvalla | Mathew T. Thomas | style="background:Template:Party color; color:white;"|JD(S) | Template:Legend2 |
| 2 | Ranni | Pramod Narayan | style="background:Template:Party color; color:white;" |KC(M) | Template:Legend2 |
| 3 | Aranmula | Veena George | style="background:Template:Party color; color:white;"|CPI(M) | Template:Legend2 |
| 4 | Konni | K. U. Jenish Kumar | style="background:Template:Party color; color:white;"|CPI(M) | Template:Legend2 |
| 5 | Adoor | Chittayam Gopakumar | style="background:Template:Party color; color:white;" |CPI | Template:Legend2 |
Demographics
Template:Historical populations
According to the 2011 census Pathanamthitta district has a population of 1,197,412,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of Timor-Leste<ref name="cia">Template:Cite web</ref> or the US state of Rhode Island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This gives it a ranking of 399th in India (out of a total of 640).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of Template:Convert.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was −3.12%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Pathanamthitta has a sex ratio of 1129 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a literacy rate of 96.93%. 10.99% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.74% and 0.68% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 99.13% of the population. Small minorities of Tamil speakers live in urban areas.<ref name="languages">Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the Census of India 2001, the district had a population of 1,234,016 with a density of 467 persons per square kilometre.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> This is the lowest density in the State after Idukki and Wayanad.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> Schedule tribes and castes comprise 13% of the total population. The female to male ratio is 1094:1000, which is the highest among the districts in the State.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref>
Religion
Hinduism (57%) is followed by the majority of population of Pathanamthitta. Christians (Malankara Orthodox, Marthoma Church and Pentecostal) (38%) form significant minority.<ref name="religion">Template:Cite web</ref>
Transportion
Air Transport
The nearest airports are Thiruvananthapuram International airport and Cochin International airport.Aranmula International airport was proposed but cancelled in 2018.The Sabarimala International airport is proposed near Erumeli.
Road Transport
The 2 National Highways going through Pathanamthitta district are National Highway 183 and National Highway 183A.Other important roads are State Highway 1,State Highway 7,Main Eastern Highway and State Highway 9 (Kerala).
Rail Transport
The only railway station in Pathanamthitta district is Tiruvalla railway station. Other nearby railway stations are Changanserry, Chengannur and Kottayam.
Education
Major towns
The major towns in the district include:
- Thiruvalla taluk: Thiruvalla, Erviperoor, Kadapra, Kumbanad, Pullad, Kuttoor, Kaviyoor, Nedupram
- Mallapally taluk: Vennikulam, Mallappally, Ezhumattoor, Kalloopara
- Ranni taluk: Ranni, Vadasserikara, Athikayam, Vechoochira, Thadiyoor
- Kozhencherry taluk: Aranmula, Kozhencherry, Kidangannoor, Kumbazha, Kulanada, Elanthoor
- Adoor taluk: Adoor, Pandalam, Kalanjoor, Kodumon, Enadimangalam
- Konni taluk: Konni, Koodal, Chittar, Seethathode, Thannithode, Aruvapulam
Tourism
With a number of fairs and festivals, Pathanamthitta district is known as the "headquarters of pilgrimage tourism."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The district receives an estimated 3 to 4 million pilgrims during the festival season of Sabarimala temple.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The temple is dedicated to the Hindu deity, Ayyappan.
The Cherukolpuzha Hindu convention, Kadammanitta devi temple, the 10th century Kaviyoor mahadeva temple, Parthasarathi temple at Aranmula and anikkattilammakshethram<ref name="anikkattilamma">Template:Cite web</ref> are some of the Hindu religious places of interest.
Pathanamthitta district has places known for its historical importance. Among them are, ancient Valiyakoickal Temple and Palace at Pandalam, monument of Velu Thampi Dalawa at Mannadi and the Muloor Smarakom (Muloor memorial). Pandalam was the capital of the ancient Travancore kingdom.
The Cherukolpuzha Convention, in Pathanamthitta is an important religious convention of the Hindus. It is held at Cherukole on the sand banks of Pamba River, usually in February every year. It is organized by the Ayroor-Cherukolpuzha Hindumatha Maha Mandalam at Vidyadhiraja Nagar at Ayroor village.<ref>Cherukolpuzha, Kerala Department of Tourism</ref>
The district is a host to Asia's biggest and the world's second largest Christian convention, the Maramon Convention<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is an eight-day Christian gathering in the month of February, conducted by the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church and dedicated to gospel preaching by renowned Christian missionaries from all over the world, and held at Maramon on the sand-bed of Pamba River. The three-day Christian gathering is held at Makkamkunnu, Pathanamthitta known as Makkamkunnu Convention by Malankara Orthodox Church. Template:Wide image
The most important and famous Christian center is Parumala St Peters, St Paul's and St Gregorios Orthodox Church (http://parumalachurch.org) famous for the tomb of Saint Gregorios (Parumala Thirumeni). Millions of Pilgrims visit this church annually.
St. George Orthodox Church, Chandanapally or Chandanapally Valiyapalli is one of the biggest churches in South India, located at a village named Chandanapally, Pathanamthitta District.
St. George Orthodox Church, Mylapra or Mylapra Valiyapalli or Chakkittayil palli (ചക്കിട്ടേൽ പള്ളി) is one of the famous Georgian pilgrim centre which is very close to Pathanamthitta District headquarters.
Some of the other Christian places of interest are St. Mary's Orthodox church at Niranam, St. Thomas Ecumenical Church at Nilackal, the Mor Ignatius Dayro Manjinikkara of the Syriac Orthodox Church of India, St Stephen's Jacobite Church, Parumala Seminary and St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Thumpamon also known as Thumpamon Valiya Pally, headquarters of Thumapmon Diocese of Malankara Orthodox Church. The churches at Niranam and Nilackal (Chayal) are believed to be among the seven churches founded by St. Thomas the Apostle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref> Template:Cite web</ref> The Muslim colourful Chandanakkudam festival of the Jama — Al Mosque at Pathanamthitta town attracts many visitors. Although these places are religious in nature, they attract people from all faiths.
The Maramon Convention, one of the largest Christian convention in Asia, is held at Maramon, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India annually during the month of February on the vast sand-bed of the Pampa River next to the Kozhencherry Bridge. It is organised by Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association, the missionary wing of the Mar Thoma Church.
The Church of God (Full Gospel) in India, Kerala State, holds its annual convention in Tiruvalla town center. This is usually held in the month of January and is a large gathering of Pentecostal Christians.
The district has other tourist attractions. Aranmula is a major attraction for its famous metal mirrors and snake boat race. The school of traditional arts attracts foreign visitors. Founded by French artist Louba Schild, the school teaches kathakali, classical dance, classical music as well as kalarippayattu. The palace at Aranmula Aranmula Palace has a history of 100 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The district is known for its reserve forest and wild life. Perunthenaruvi water falls, Kakki reservoir surrounded by forest and wild animals, dam sites at Moozhyar and Maniyar, elephant training centre at Konni, Charalkunnu hill station are ideal locations for nature enthusiasts. Trekking to the Sabari Hills during January to March is also organized by Pathanamthitta District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC).
Flora and fauna
The forests of the district have excellent wild life habitats. A variety of animals and birds can be found. Tigers, elephants, gaur, deer, monkeys and other wild animals are found in the forest. Giant squirrel, lion-tailed macaques, barking deer and bear can also be spotted in the reserve. Malabar grey hornbill and great Indian hornbill are found. Wide variety of other birds such as sunbirds, woodpeckers and kingfishers can also be seen.
The existence of the wildlife habitat is under threat from various areas. Pollution from fertilizer and industries and illegal sand mining are the major threats. Issues connected to Sabarimala pilgrimage such as clearing of forest land and large amount of waste discharged also threatens the habitat.<ref name=pampapollution /><ref> Template:Cite news</ref>
Sports
The Aranmula Boat Race is part of a festival celebrated during the month of September. Though the snake boat race is also performed at nearby places, the race held at Aranmula is unique because of the boats' shape and design. Maramadimatsaram (Ox Race) is another such seasonal sport. This is held as part of the largest annual cattle fair of Central Travancore region. The race is held in three categories.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
Template:Main Template:Columns-list
See also
- List of people from Pathanamthitta district
- Alappuzha district
- Idukki district
- Kottayam district
- Kollam district
Further reading
References
External links
- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- Pathanamthitta district official website
- Pathanamthitta District administration Template:Webarchive
Template:Pathanamthitta district Template:Kerala Template:Central Travancore Template:Hindu temples in Kerala Template:Authority control