Patrol torpedo boat PT-109

Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristics

PT-109 was an Template:Convert Elco PT boat (patrol torpedo boat) last commanded by Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy, future United States president, in the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific theater during World War II. Kennedy's actions in saving his surviving crew after PT-109 was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer earned him several commendations and made him a war hero. Back problems stemming from the incident required months of hospitalization at Chelsea Naval Hospital and plagued him the rest of his life. Kennedy's postwar campaigns for elected office often referred to his service on PT-109.

Specifications

Hubert Scott-Paine of the British Power Boat Company had developed Air Sea Rescue fast motor boats in the UK. He took his PT boat to Elco in 1939, as there was a shortage of suitable engines in the UK at the outbreak of war. British Powerboat Company continued production of his designs in Britain throughout the hostilities. The seakeeping qualities of boats and ease of construction matched to the available Packard engines made a perfect combination.

PT-109 was an Template:Convert, 40-ton Elco motor torpedo boat (MTB), one of hundreds built by the firm between 1942 and 1945 in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The seventh MTB of the PT-103 class, her keel was laid Template:Nowrap 1942, she was launched on Template:Nowrap, and delivered to the Navy on Template:Nowrap 1942 to be fitted out in the New York Naval Shipyard in Brooklyn. Fully loaded, she displaced Template:Nowrap and could accommodate a crew of three officers and 14 enlisted men, with the typical crew size between 12 and 14.

The Template:Convert Elco MTBs were the largest PT boats operated by the U.S. Navy during World War II. They had strong wooden hulls, constructed of two layers of Template:Convert mahogany planking, excellent for speed and reasonably adequate for seakeeping, but providing limited protection in combat.

Engines

File:Tankroom2.jpeg

PT tankroom below deck, looking forward, shows partially exposed fuel tank through open door in bulkhead on left.

PT-109 was powered by three 12-cylinder Template:Convert Packard 4M-2500 marinized aero gasoline engines (one per propeller shaft), with a designed top speed of Template:Convert.<ref>PT Boat 127 Template:Webarchive.</ref>

To accommodate three engines in the boat's narrow beam (and improve weight distribution), they were staggered fore-and-aft, with the two outboard motors mounted with their output shafts facing forward and power transmitted through V-drive gearboxes to their respective propeller shafts. The center engine was mounted forward of the outboard pair in a conventional orientation, with power transmitted directly from its output end to an extended propeller shaft.<ref>American PT Boats in World War II by Victor Chun</ref>

The engines were fitted with mufflers on the transom, both to mask the engines' noise from the enemy and to improve the crew's chance of hearing enemy aircraft. These directed the exhaust underwater at idle and extremely low speeds and were bypassed for anything faster.<ref name="DANFS">Template:Cite web</ref>

Armament

File:PT-109 Design1943.jpeg

PT-109 armament in August 1943; a forward 37 mm antitank gun, aft 20 mm autocannon, two twin .50 caliber machine gun turrets and four torpedo tubes

The PT boat's principal offensive weapon was its torpedoes. She was fitted with four Template:Convert torpedo tubes containing [[Mark 8 torpedo|Template:Nowrap]] torpedoes. They weighed Template:Convert each, with Template:Convert warheads and gave the tiny boat a punch believed at the time to be effective even against armored ships. The Mark 8, however, was both inaccurate and ineffective until its detonator was recalibrated by the Navy at the end of the war. A major issue was that in the unlikely instance that they hit their target, they rarely detonated, even when they hit at a 90-degree angle to their target. Also noteworthy was that the torpedoes were slow, traveling at only Template:Convert, and were unable to catch faster-moving Japanese vessels.Template:Sfn In contrast, the Japanese Type 93 destroyer torpedo, later called the "Long Lance", was faster at Template:Convert, had an accurate range of Template:Convert, was far more powerful with Template:Convert of high explosives, and unlike the Mark 8, its detonator usually worked when it hit a target.Template:Sfn

One naval officer explained that 90% of the time, when the button was pushed on the torpedo tube to launch a torpedo, nothing happened, or occasionally the motor spun the propeller until the torpedo motor exploded in the tube, showering the deck with metal fragments. For safety, a torpedoman's mate was frequently required to hit the torpedo's firing pin with a hammer to get one to launch. Kennedy and contemporary writers noted that torpedo mates and other PT crew were inadequately trained in aiming and firing the Mark 8 torpedoes, and were never informed of the torpedoes' ineffectiveness and low rate of detonation.Template:Sfn

PT-109 had a single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Template:Nowrap]] Oerlikon anti-aircraft mount at the rear with "109" painted on the mounting base, two open circular rotating turrets mounting twin M2 .50 caliber Template:Nowrap anti-aircraft machine guns at opposite corners of the open cockpit, and a smoke generator on the transom, operated as needed when engaging the enemy at close range. The boat's guns were used both offensively and defensively.

Seeking to augment the boat's firepower (given the inaccuracy and unreliability of its torpedoes), the day before her final mission, Kennedy had the PT-109Template:'s crew lash a U.S. Army 37 mm antitank gun he had bartered for to the foredeck, replacing a small, two-man life raft. Timbers used to secure the weapon to the deck later helped save their lives when used as a float while swimming over three miles to safety on an uninhabited island.<ref name="Scale Craft">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn

Ahead of the torpedoes on PT-109 were two depth charges, omitted on most PTs, one on each side, about the same diameter and directly in front of the launchers. Though designed to be used against submarines, they were sometimes used to confuse and discourage pursuing destroyers. With Kennedy's squadron commander, Lt. Alvin Cluster, at the wheel in storm conditions, PT-109Template:'s port Template:Nowrap depth charge was knocked through the foredeck unexpectedly by an inadvertent launch of the port forward torpedo. Cluster had asked Kennedy for a turn at PT 109Template:'s wheel, as he had only had experience with the older, Elco Template:Convert PTs. The torpedo stayed in the tube, half in and half out on a hot run, its propellers spinning, until Kennedy's executive officer, Ensign Leonard Thom, deactivated it. PT-109 returned to Tulagi for repairs to the foredeck and the replacement of the depth charge.

PT-109 was not equipped with radar.Template:Sfn

Early operations

PT-109 entering Tulagi carrying 94 survivors from the sunken heavy cruiser USS Northampton

PT-109 was transported from the Norfolk Navy Yard to the South Pacific in August 1942 on board the Liberty ship SS Joseph Stanton. Originally Navy grey, it is believed the ship was painted a flat, dark green at Nouméa, New Caledonia after being offloaded. She arrived in the Solomon Islands in late 1942 and was assigned to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 2 based on Tulagi island. She participated in combat operations around Guadalcanal from Template:Nowrap 1942 to Template:Nowrap 1943, when the Japanese withdrew from the island.

Kennedy's training in motor torpedo boats

Despite having a chronically bad back and a history of other illnesses, including abdominal pain and scarlet fever as an infant, John F. Kennedy used his father's Joseph P. Kennedy influence to get into the war. In 1940, the U.S. Army's Officer Candidate School had rejected him as 4-F, for his bad back, ulcers, and asthma. Kennedy's father persuaded his old friend Captain Allan Goodrich Kirk, USN, head of the Office of Naval Intelligence, to let a private Boston physician certify his son's good health.<ref>Private doctor certified health in, Fleming, Thomas, "War of Revenge", Spring 2011, MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, p. 16.</ref> Kennedy started in October 1941 before Pearl Harbor as an ensign with a desk job for the Office of Naval Intelligence. He was reassigned to South Carolina in January 1942 because of his affair with Danish journalist Inga Arvad.Template:Sfn On 27 July 1942, Kennedy entered the Naval Reserve Officers Training School in Chicago.

Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley, 1941

After completing his Naval Reserve Officers' Training on Template:Nowrap, Kennedy voluntarily entered the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center in Melville, Rhode Island, where he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) (LTJG). In September 1942, Joseph Kennedy had secured PT Lieutenant Commander John Bulkeley's help in placing his son in the PT boat's service and enrolling him in their training school, after meeting with Bulkeley in a New York Plaza suite near his office at Rockefeller Plaza.<ref>Met at Rockefeller Plaza in Template:Harvnb</ref> Nonetheless, Bulkeley would not have recommended John Kennedy for PT boat training if he did not believe he was qualified to be a PT captain. In an interview with Kennedy, Bulkeley was impressed with his appearance, communication skills, grades at Harvard, and awards received in small boat competitions, particularly while a member of Harvard's sailing team. Exaggerated claims by Bulkeley about the effectiveness of the PTs in combat against larger craft allowed him to recruit top talent, raise war bonds, and cause overconfidence among squadron commanders who continued to pit PTs against larger craft. But many in the Navy knew the truth; his claims that PTs had sunk a Japanese cruiser, a troopship, and a plane tender in the Philippines were false.<ref>False claims in Fleming, Thomas, "War of Revenge", Spring 2011, MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, p. 17.</ref><ref>Bulkeley was involved in Template:Harv</ref> Kennedy completed his PT training in Rhode Island on Template:Nowrap, with very high marks and was asked to stay for a brief period as an instructor. He was then ordered to the training squadron, Motor Torpedo Template:Nowrap, to take over the command of motor torpedo boat PT-101, a Template:Convert Huckins PT boat.

Kennedy's transfer to the Pacific

In January 1943, PT-101 and four other boats were ordered to Motor Torpedo Boat Template:Nowrap (RON 14), which was assigned to patrol the Panama Canal.<ref name="Naval History">Department of the Navy – Naval History & Heritage Command: Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, USN FAQ Template:Webarchive Retrieved 19 June 2011</ref> Kennedy detached from Template:Nowrap in February 1943, while the squadron was in Jacksonville, Florida, preparing for transfer to the Panama Canal Zone. Still desperately seeking a combat assignment, and on his own volition, Lieutenant Kennedy then contacted family friend and crony, Massachusetts Senator David I. Walsh, Chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee, who diverted his assignment to Panama, and had him sent to PT combat in the Solomon Islands, granting Kennedy's previous "change-of-assignment" request to be sent to a squadron in the South Pacific. His actions were against the wishes of his father, who had wanted a safer assignment.<ref>Walsh was involved in Kennedy's transfer to Pacific combat in Template:Harvnb</ref>

LTJG John F. Kennedy aboard Template:Nowrap 1943

The Allies had been in a campaign of island hopping since securing Guadalcanal in a bloody battle in early 1943. Kennedy transferred on Template:Nowrap 1943, as a replacement officer to Motor Torpedo Boat Template:Nowrap, which was based at Tulagi Island, immediately north of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Traveling to the Pacific on the large troop carrier Template:USS, Kennedy witnessed a fierce air strike that killed the ship's captain, and found Kennedy helping to hand shells to supply a large gun on board, giving him his first taste of battle.Template:Sfn He arrived at Tulagi on Template:Nowrap and took command of PT-109 on Template:Nowrap. Although PT-109 was less than a year old, it had seen heavy combat service since its arrival in the Pacific, and considerable repairs were required on the boat; leading by example, Kennedy pitched in to help the crew get his vessel seaworthy. On Template:Nowrap, several PT boats of MTBRON 2, including PT-109, were ordered to the Russell Islands in preparation for the invasion of New Georgia.<ref name="Naval History" />

After the capture of Rendova Island, the PT boat operations were moved north to a crude "bush" berth there on Template:Nowrap.<ref name="DANFS" /> The Rendova base held the potential for its residents to contract a host of unpleasant diseases like malaria, dengue, dysentery, and elephantiasis. The Navy men stationed there also contended with cockroaches, rats, foot diseases, ear fungus, and mild malnutrition from the monotonous and mostly canned food. On his first desk assignment with the Navy after his return to the States, Kennedy suffered from the aftereffects of malaria, colitis, and chronic back pain, all caused or aggravated by his experiences in combat or during his stay at the Rendova base.<ref name="Keresey">Template:Cite web</ref>

From their crude base on the northern tip of Rendova Island, on a small spit of land known as Lumbari, PT boats conducted daring and dangerous nightly operations, both to disturb the heavy Japanese barge traffic that was resupplying the Japanese garrisons in New Georgia, and to patrol the Ferguson and Blackett Straits to sight and to give warning when the Japanese Tokyo Express warships came into the straits to supply Japanese forces in the New Georgia–Rendova area.<ref name="Naval History" />

On Template:Nowrap, an attack by 18 Japanese bombers struck the base, wrecking PT-117 and sinking PT-164. Two torpedoes were blown off PT-164 and ran erratically around the bay until they ran ashore on the beach without exploding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Crew on PT-109Template:'s last mission

The following men were aboard on PT-109's last mission:

Top L to R: Ensign Al Webb, Leon Drawdy, Edger Mauer, Edmund Drewitch, John Maguire, John F. Kennedy. Bottom L to R: Charles Harris, Maurice Kowal, Andrew Kirksey, Ensign Lenny Thom. (Webb, Drewitch, Drawdy, and Kowal not aboard during collision. Barney Ross, Raymond Albert, William Johnston, Harold Marney, Patrick McMahon, Ray Starkey, and Gerard Zinser, not in photograph.) (1943)

• John F. Kennedy, Lieutenant, Junior Grade (LTJG), commanding officer (Boston, Massachusetts).
• Leonard J. Thom, Ensign (ENS), Ohio State football athlete, and excellent swimmer, executive officer (Sandusky, Ohio).
• George H. R. "Barney" Ross, Ensign (ENS), on board as an observer after losing his own boat. Attempted to operate the 37 mm gun but suffered from night blindness. (Highland Park, Illinois).
• Raymond Albert, Seaman 2/c, gunner. Killed in action by Japanese POW during a rescue mission Template:Nowrap 1943 (Akron, Ohio).<ref name="MaritimeQuest, Raymond Albert">MaritimeQuest – Raymond Albert.</ref>
• Charles A. "Bucky" Harris, Gunner's Mate 3/c (GM3) (Watertown, Massachusetts).
• William Johnston, Motor Machinist's Mate 2/c (MM2) (Dorchester, Massachusetts).
• Andrew Jackson Kirksey, Torpedoman's Mate 2/c (TM2) Killed in collision. (Reynolds, Georgia).
• John E. Maguire, Radioman 2/c (RM2) (Dobbs Ferry, New York).
• Harold William Marney, Motor Machinist's Mate 2/c (MM2). Killed in a collision, manning the turret closest to the impact point. (Springfield, Massachusetts)
• Edman Edgar Mauer, Quartermaster, cook, 3/c (QM3) (St. Louis, Missouri).
• Patrick H. "Pappy" McMahon, Motor Machinist's Mate 1/c (MM1) (Wyanet, Illinois). The only man in the engine room during the collision was badly burned, but recovered from his wounds. Only member of the crew besides Kennedy mentioned by name in the song.
• Ray L. Starkey, Torpedoman's Mate 2/c (TM2) (Garden Grove, California).
• Gerard E. Zinser, Motor Machinist's Mate 1/c (MM1) (Belleville, Illinois). Erroneously called "Gerald" in many publications, Zinser remained in the Navy for a career following the end of World War II, eventually retiring as a chief petty officer. The last living survivor of PT-109, he died in Florida in 2001.

Battle of Blackett Strait

Lt. JG Kennedy at the helm of PT-109

At the end of July 1943, intelligence reports were received and decoded by Naval authorities at Kennedy's PT base on Rendova Island, indicating that five enemy destroyers were scheduled to run the night of 1–2 August. The destroyers would cruise from the Solomon Bougainville Island through Blackett Strait to supply provisions and bring troops to the Japanese garrison on Vila Plantation, on Kolombangara Island's southern tip. America's sophisticated deciphering of the Japanese naval codes had contributed to the victory at the Battle of Midway, ten months earlier, and the same technology had been used to break their code and provide the report of the Japanese destroyers expected 1–2 August. Despite the recent loss of two boats and two crewmen from a Japanese air attack on Template:Nowrap, the skippers of PT-109 and 14 other boats met with Commander Thomas G. Warfield to discuss the details of a mission to head north through a cut in the reefs known as Ferguson Passage, to Blackett Strait between Gizo and Kolombongara Islands to block or attack the anticipated enemy destroyers. The resulting skirmish, sometimes referred to as the "Battle of Blackett Strait," should not be confused with an earlier battle of that name fought there on 6 March 1943. Commander Arleigh Burke had been ordered to sit on the northern approach to Kolombangara with seven American destroyers to ensure the Japanese were prevented from reinforcing their garrison, though he was not on station till 12:30 a.m. All four Japanese destroyers would evade his grasp, as they arrived one hour early, before Burke had reached his post.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The resulting battle would become the largest use of PT boats in the war, and the results would not be promising for the future use of PTs against Japanese destroyers.<ref name="DANFS" />Template:Sfn

Failure of the PTs' torpedoes in action

On 1 August, fifteen PT boats, including PT-109, motored from the PT base on Rendova around 6:30 p.m. on strict but cursory orders from Rendova's Commander Thomas Warfield. The combined PT task force was divided into four divisions of roughly four PTs each. PT-109Template:'s "B" division also included PTs 162, 159, and 157, and were stationed the farthest north of the PT divisions, nearly midway up Kolombongara Island's western coast and around Template:Convert to the west. The "B" Division left Rendova first, leading the pack, as their station was the farthest from the Rendova base.<ref>Logeval, Fredrick, JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956, (2020), Random House, New York, p. 339</ref> Most of the divisions reached their station by 8:30 p.m. The fifteen PTs carried four torpedo tubes each, for a total of Template:Nowrap, and roughly half of these were fired at the four advancing Japanese destroyers protected by Japanese float planes.Template:Sfn The Navy's official report of the incident listed 5–6 torpedo explosions reaching the destroyer targets, but none, in fact, actually hit. Of the twenty-four torpedoes fired by PT boats from eight of the PTs, not a single hit was scored against the advancing destroyers. Though each division of PTs was assigned a location likely to intercept the destroyers, several of those without radar cruised about aimlessly in the fog and darkness, unable to locate the enemy ships.Template:Sfn

Separation of PT-109 from her division

Lieutenant JG Kennedy, official naval photo, 1942

Lieutenant Brantingham on PT-159, leader of Kennedy's division, and originally stationed near Kennedy, first saw radar blips indicating the southbound destroyers just arriving on the scene, and fired his torpedoes from about Template:Convert away. As he advanced, he did not radio PT-109 to follow, leaving Kennedy and his crew behind in the darkness. All of Brantingham's torpedoes missed the destroyers, and his torpedo tubes caused a small fire, requiring Lieutenant Liebenow's PT, also in Kennedy's division, to swing in front of Brantingham's PT in an effort to block the light from his burning torpedo tubes, which could have given away their location to the destroyers. Liebenow's 157 fired two more torpedoes that failed to hit their target as well, then both boats laid smoke from their smoke generators and zigzagged away to avoid detection. No signal of the destroyer's presence was ever radioed or received by PT-109, or the other boat in the division, and skippers Brantingham and Liebenow headed blindly west to Gizo Island and away from the destroyers and PT-109.Template:Sfn

Many of the torpedoes that were fired exploded prematurely or ran at the wrong depth. A few other PTs, including the leader of Division A to the south of Kennedy, intercepted the destroyers on their southbound route close to Kolombangara, but were unable to hit any with torpedoes. The boats were radioed by Warfield to return when their torpedoes were expended, but the four boats with radar fired their torpedoes first and were ordered to return to base. Commander Warfield's concept of sending orders to the PTs in darkness by radio from Template:Convert away, without a view of the battle, was inefficient at best. The radar sets on the four boats carried were relatively primitive and sometimes malfunctioned. When the four boats with radar left the scene of the battle, the remaining boats, including PT-109, were deprived of the ability to determine the location or approach of the oncoming destroyers, and were not notified that other boats had already engaged the enemy.

Late in the night, PT-109 and two accompanying PTs became the last to sight the Japanese destroyers returning on their northern route to Rabaul, New Britain, New Guinea, after they had completed dropping their supplies and troops at 1:45 a.m. on the southern tip of Kolombangara.<ref>1:45 am in Fleming, Thomas, "War of Revenge", Spring 2011, MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, p. 19.</ref> The official Navy account of the incident listed radio communications as good, but PT commanders were also told to maintain radio silence until informed of enemy sightings, causing many commanders to turn off their radios or not closely monitor their radio traffic, including Kennedy.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="PT-109 Loss Report">Template:Cite web</ref>

Rammed by Amagiri, 2 August

Japanese destroyer Template:Ship in 1930

By 2 a.m. on Template:Nowrap 1943, as the battle neared its end, PT-109, PT-162, and PT-169 were ordered to continue patrolling the area on orders previously radioed from Commander Warfield.Template:Sfn The night was cloudy and moonless, and fog had set amidst the remaining PTs. Kennedy's boat was idling on one engine to avoid her phosphorescent wake being seen by Japanese aircraft when the crew realized they were in the path of the Japanese destroyer Template:Ship, which was heading north to Rabaul from Vila Plantation, Kolombangara, after offloading supplies and Template:Nowrap.Template:Sfn

Most contemporary accounts of the incident, particularly the work of Mark Doyle, do not find Kennedy at fault for the collision. The lack of speed and maneuverability of PT-109 while the engines were idling put the vessel at risk from passing destroyers, but Kennedy had not been warned by radio of destroyers in the area. Kennedy believed the firing he had heard was from shore batteries on Kolombangara, not destroyers, and was focused on avoiding detection by enemy seaplanes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Kennedy said he attempted to turn PT-109 to fire a torpedo and have Ensign George "Barney" Ross fire their newly installed 37 mm anti-tank gun from the bow at the oncoming northbound destroyer Amagiri, but Ross did not have time to load a shell into the closed breech of the weapon.Template:Sfn Amagiri was traveling at a relatively high speed of between Template:Convert to reach harbor by dawn, when Allied air patrols were likely to appear.Template:Sfn<ref>Tried to fire the anti-tank gun in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Kennedy and his crew would have had less than ten seconds to get the engines up to speed to evade the oncoming destroyer, which was advancing without running lights. PT-109 was struck on her starboard side at a 20-degree angle shearing off a piece of the boat, between Kolombangara and Ghizo Island, near Template:Coord.<ref name=RefNatGeoMap>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn There are conflicting accounts as to whether the destroyer captain had rammed PT-109 intentionally. AmagiriTemplate:'s captain, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami, later claimed that he intentionally turned hard to starboard and deliberately rammed PT-109. However, Hanami's superior officer, Commander of the 11th Destroyer Flotilla, Captain Katsumori Yamashiro, and other crewmembers, recalled Yamashiro ordering Hanami to turn hard to port to try to avoid hitting the torpedo boat, for fear of setting off its torpedoes and damaging their ship. He was however, unable to avoid hitting it despite the evasive maneuver.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn

PT-109 explodes

When PT-109 was cut in two around 2:27 a.m.,<ref>2:27 a.m. in Template:Harvnb</ref> a fireball of exploding aviation fuel Template:Convert high caused the sea surrounding the ship to flame. Seamen Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney were killed instantly, and two other members of the crew were badly injured and burned when they were thrown into the flaming sea surrounding the boat. For such a catastrophic collision, explosion, and fire, there were few men lost compared to the losses on other PT boats hit by shell fire. PT-109 was gravely damaged, with watertight compartments keeping only the forward hull afloat in a sea of flames.Template:Sfn<ref>100-foot high fireball in Template:Harvnb</ref>

PT-169, closest to Kennedy's craft, launched two torpedoes, but they missed the attacking destroyer; PT-162Template:'s torpedoes failed to launch. Both boats then turned away from the scene of the action and returned to base without checking for survivors of PT-109. No procedure had been specified by Commander Warfield for searching for survivors or what the PT flotilla should do when a boat was lost.Template:Sfn In the words of Captain Robert Bulkley, naval historian, "This was perhaps the most confused and least effectively executed action the PTs had been in. Eight PTs fired 30 torpedoes. The only confirmed results were the loss of PT-109 and damage to the Japanese destroyer Amagiri" [from striking PT-109].<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Survival, swim to Plum Pudding Island, 2 August

Map of the events of Template:Nowrap 1943, click map to view Plum Pudding, Olasana, and Naru Islands<ref name=RefNatGeoMap />

Kennedy was able to rescue MM1 Patrick McMahon, the crew member with the most severe wounds, which included burns that covered 70 percent of his body, and brought him to the floating bow. Kennedy also rescued Starkey and Harris, bringing them both to the bow.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> On instructions from Kennedy, the eleven survivors thrown from PT-109 regrouped and, hoping for rescue, clung to PT-109Template:'s bow section for 12 hours as it drifted slowly south. By about 1 p.m.,<ref name="DANFS" /> on 2 August, it was apparent that the hull was taking on water and would soon sink, so the men decided to swim for land, starting around 1:30 p.m.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As there were Japanese camps on all the nearby large islands including Kolombangara, the closest, they chose the tiny deserted Plum Pudding Island southwest of where the bow section had drifted. They placed their lantern, shoes, and non-swimmers on one of the timbers that had been used as a gun mount and began kicking together to propel it. Kennedy, a skilled swimmer who had been a member of the Harvard University swim team, used a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth to tow McMahon.Template:Sfn It took five hours to swim the Template:Convert to the island, which they reached without encountering sharks or crocodiles.<ref>Ballard, Robert. Collision with History: The Search for John F. Kennedy's PT 109, p. 100.</ref>Template:Sfn

Additional swims, 2, 4, and 5 August

Plum Pudding Island was only Template:Convert in diameter, with no food or water. The exhausted crew dragged themselves behind the tree line to hide from passing Japanese barges. The night of 2 August, Kennedy swam Template:Convert to Ferguson Passage to attempt to hail a passing American PT boat. On 4 August, he and Lenny Thom assisted his injured and hungry crew on a demanding swim Template:Convert south to Olasana Island, which was visible from Plum Pudding Island. They swam against a strong current, and once again, Kennedy towed McMahon by his life vest. They were pleased to discover Olasana had ripe coconuts, though there was still no fresh water.<ref name="BBC">Template:Cite news</ref> On the following day, 5 August, Kennedy and George Ross swam for an hour to Naru Island, visible at an additional distance of about Template:Convert southeast, in search of help and food and because it was closer to Ferguson Passage where Kennedy might see or swim to a passing PT boat on patrol. Kennedy and Ross found a small canoe, packages of crackers and candy, and a fifty-gallon drum of drinkable water left by the Japanese, which Kennedy paddled back to Olasana in the acquired canoe to provide his crew. It was then that Kennedy first spoke to native Melanesian coastwatchers Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana on Olasana Island. Months earlier, Kennedy had learned a smattering of the pidgin English used by the coastwatchers by speaking with a native boy. The two coastwatchers had finally been convinced by Ensign Thom that the crew were from the lost PT-109, when Thom asked Gasa if he knew John Kari, and Gasa replied that he worked with him.Template:Sfn Realizing they were with Americans, the coastwatchers brought a few yams, vegetables, and cigarettes from their dugout canoe and vowed to help the starving crew.,Template:Sfn<ref>Thom convinced the natives they were Americans in Template:Harv</ref> though it would take two additional days for a full rescue.<ref>Hamilton, Nigel, JFK, Reckless Youth, (1992) Random House, New York, NY, p. 141, Template:ISBN</ref>

Rescue

The rescue of PT-109 was a long process, largely achieved by the work of native Solomon Island scouts who first located Kennedy and his crew. The scouts were sent by Sub-lieutenant Reg Evans, an Australian coastwatcher, who had seen the 109 explode from his secret observation site.

Aerial search of PT-109 sinking site

The explosion and resulting fireball on the early morning of Template:Nowrap was spotted by Evans, who manned a secret observation post at the top of the Mount Veve volcano on Kolombangara; more than 10,000 Japanese troops were garrisoned below on the southeast portion. The Navy and its squadron of PT boats held a memorial service for the crew of PT-109 after reports were made of the large explosion, but Commander Warfield, to his credit, ordered an aerial search by Royal New Zealand Air Force P-40 fighters that spotted a few remains of the wreck, but not the crew, who had already swum to safety.Template:Sfn

Coastwatchers Gasa and Kumana, 5 August

Evans had been the first to dispatch islander scouts, Gasa and Kumana, in a dugout canoe late on 5 August, to look for possible survivors after decoding radio broadcasts that the explosion he had witnessed was PT-109. Gasa and Kumana had been trained by the British and Australians in search and detection and were willing to sacrifice their lives as part of their duty to the British and American troops. Native coastwatchers were used because they could avoid detection by Japanese ships and aircraft and, if spotted, would probably be taken for native fishermen.

Before they were rescued by the scouts on 8 August, Kennedy and his men survived for six days on Plum Pudding and then on Olasana Island. They had eaten only a few ripe coconuts, rainwater caught on leaves, and small amounts of fresh water and Japanese cookies Kennedy had taken from Naru Island. By chance, Gasa and Kumana stopped by Naru to investigate a Japanese wreck, from which they salvaged fuel and food. They first fled by canoe from Kennedy, who, with his sunburn, beard, and disheveled clothing, appeared to them to be a Japanese soldier. When they later arrived on Olasana, they pointed their Tommy guns at the rest of the crew, since the only light-skinned people they expected to find were Japanese, with whom they could not communicate.Template:Sfn

Thom's and Kennedy's rescue messages

Kennedy's message scratched on a coconut while he was on Naru, where he had spent some time from 4 August to 7 August, was not the only communication given to the coastwatchers. A more detailed message was written by the executive officer of PT-109, Ensign Leonard Jay Thom, on 6 August. Thom's message was a "penciled note" written on paper, which read:<ref name="PT-109 Loss Report"/><ref name="Beacon">Template:Cite web</ref>

To: Commanding Officer--Oak O
From:Crew P.T. 109 (Oak 14)
Subject: Rescue of 11 (eleven) men lost since Sunday, Template:Nowrap in enemy action. Native knows our position & will bring P.T. Boat back to small islands of Ferguson Passage off NURU IS. A small boat (outboard or oars) is needed to take men off as some are seriously burned.
Signal at night three dashes (- - -) Password--Roger---Answer---Wilco If attempted at day time--advise air coverage or a PBY could set down. Please work out a suitable plan & act immediately. Help is urgent & in sore need. Rely on native boys to any extent
Thom
Ens. U.S.N.R
Exec. 109.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Beacon" />

The coconut with the carved message, cast in a paperweight

Though the 1963 movie depicted Kennedy offering a coconut inscribed with a message as his idea and the sole form of communication, it was Gasa who suggested it, and Kumana who climbed a coconut tree to pick one. On the instructions of Gasa, Kennedy painstakingly scratched the following message on the coconut husk with a knife:Template:Sfn

NAURO ISL
COMMANDER... NATIVE KNOWS POS'IT...
HE CAN PILOT... 11 ALIVE
NEED SMALL BOAT... KENNEDY<ref name=CoastalLiving.Rescued>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Coastwatchers' canoe trip from Olsana to the PT base, 6 August

On 6 August, Gasa and Kumana left Olasana and headed east, carrying the penciled note and Kennedy's coconut message Template:Convert to Wana Wana Island, south of Kolombangara and a quarter of the way to Kennedy's PT Naval base on Rendova Island.Template:Sfn There, they took little time to rest but linked up with Senior Scout Benjamin Kevu, whom they told they had found the crew of PT-109. Kevu sent another scout to inform Evans, north on Kolombangara Island, of the discovery. Gasa and Kumana departed Wana Wana with scout John Kari in a better canoe given them by Kevu, carrying both Thom's and Kennedy's messages to a military outpost on Roviana Island, close to the PT Rendova base in a total of fifteen hours by paddling their canoe all night through Template:Convert of rough seas and hostile waters patrolled by the Japanese. Traveling in an arranged boat, Gasa and Kumana were at last sent south to the PT base at Rendova from Roviana Island, a distance of only Template:Convert, with Gasa still clutching the coconut. Around 6 August, after speaking to Kevu about the eleven found on Olasana, Evans sent a canoe with fresh fish, yams, potatoes, corned beef hash, and rice to Kennedy and his crew with a message to return to him on Kolumbangara's Gomu Island in the canoe immediately. Kennedy followed this request and was the only one of his crew to go, since many Japanese planes were flying above and the coast watchers' station was on the Japanese-occupied island of Wana Wana. Kennedy was instructed to lie underneath palm fronds in the canoe so he would not be spotted by Japanese planes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was not until the morning of 7 August that Evans was able to radio Rendova to confirm the news that Kennedy and his crew had been discovered.Template:Sfn

Battle of Vella Gulf, Admiral Halsey, 6–7 August

Template:Main On the night of 6–7 August, while Kennedy still awaited rescue, Admiral William Halsey, now convinced that PTs were unsuitable against Japanese destroyers, sent six U.S. Navy destroyers equipped with more advanced radar to intercept the "Tokyo Express", again on their frequent run to Kolombangara Island. This time, the U.S. forces succeeded and sank four Japanese destroyers, two of which, the Arashi and Hagikaze, had eluded Kennedy and the 14 PT crews on the night of 1–2 August. This action became known as the Battle of Vella Gulf.Template:Sfn

PT-157 makes final rescue, 8 August

On 7 August, when the coastwatcher scouts carrying the coconut and paper message arrived at Rendova, PT Commander Warfield was at first skeptical of the messages and the trustworthiness of the native scouts Gasa and Kumana. After finally receiving Evans' radioed message of the discovery of the 109 crew, and facing overwhelming evidence that Kennedy had returned from the dead, he cautiously consented to risk two PTs to rescue them. Warfield selected PT-157, commanded by Kennedy's friend and former tentmate Lieutenant William Liebenow, for the rescue, as he and his crew were experienced and familiar with the area. Liebenow later said that his crew was chosen because they were "the best boat crew in the South Pacific."<ref>Contrera, Jessica, "He saved JFK's life with the help of a coconut," Chicago Tribune Section 1, 31 August 2018. Obituary for William Liebenow, with quotation of WL by Contrera.</ref> PT-171 would travel ahead and radio Liebenow of any sightings of the enemy. Departing just after sunset from Rendova at 7:00 p.m. on 8 August, Liebenow motored PT-157 to Evans' base at Gomu Island, off Kolombangara. To avoid making a wake, Liebenow traveled at Template:Convert, muffled his engines, and zigzagged to prevent being tracked by planes or shore batteries. The arranged signal when Liebenow picked up Kennedy on Gomu was four shots, but since Kennedy only had three bullets in his pistol, Evans gave him a Japanese rifle for the fourth signal shot. With Kennedy aboard, PT-157 rescued the weak and hungry PT-109 crew members on Olasana Island in the early morning of 8 August, after dispatching rowboats to pick them up. The 157 then motored the full crew and the coastwatcher scouts Template:Convert back to the Rendova PT base, where they could begin to receive medical attention.Template:Sfn

Aftermath

Kennedy receiving the Navy and Marine Corps Medal

There were reporters aboard PT-157 when they rescued Kennedy and his crew from Olasana Island. After the rescue, The New York Times announced, "KENNEDY'S SON IS HERO IN PACIFIC AS DESTROYER SPLITS HIS BOAT". Other papers wrote "KENNEDY'S SON SAVES 10 IN PACIFIC", and "SHOT FROM RUSTY JAP GUN GUIDES KENNEDY RESCUERS". All the published accounts of the PT-109 incident made Kennedy the key player in rescuing all 11 crew members and made him a war hero.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> His father, Joseph Kennedy Sr., made sure that these articles were widely distributed, and that it was known that his son was a hero.<ref name=":0" /> The articles focused on Kennedy's role in the incident, omitting most of the contributions of Thom, the crew, and the coastwatchers.Template:Sfn<ref>Headlines in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Thom, Ross, and Kennedy were each awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, though senior officer Lt. Commander Alvin Cluster had recommended Kennedy for the Silver Star.<ref>Thom, Ross, and Kennedy all recommended for a medal in Template:Harvnb</ref> Kennedy was also awarded the Purple Heart for injuries he sustained in the collision.<ref name=vinofaw>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following their rescue, Thom was assigned as commander of PT-587 and Kennedy was assigned as commander of PT-59 (a.k.a. PTGB-1).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=vinofaw /> Kennedy and Thom remained friends, and when Thom died in a 1946 car crash, Kennedy was one of his pallbearers.<ref name=vinofaw />Template:Sfn

The PT-109 incident aggravated Kennedy's ongoing health issues. It contributed to his back problems until his symptoms eventually progressed to a point where they were incapacitating.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The incident also contributed to his gastrointestinal problems.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=CoastalLiving.Rescued/>Template:Sfn

The coconut shell came into the possession of Ernest W. Gibson Jr., who was serving in the South Pacific with the 43rd Infantry Division.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gibson later returned it to Kennedy.<ref>Sumner Augustus Davis, Barnabas Davis (1599–1685) and His Descendants, 1973, pp. 200–201.</ref> Kennedy preserved it in a glass paperweight on his Oval Office desk during his presidency. It is now on display at the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts.

A 2003 article in Naval History raised the possibility that Kennedy and McMahon conspired to mask the cause of 109’s failure to evade Amigiri. It examined Kennedy's supposed statement to another PT officer that 109 had stalled because its muffler flaps had not first been opened when its engines had been throttled up. If, as radioman Maguire reported decades later, Kennedy signaled McMahon to speed up, it would have been McMahon's duty—and Kennedy's responsibility—first to open the flaps, which, in the other officer's account, were closed for quiet running. "[A]t no time did [Kennedy] ever officially or publicly acknowledge having sent a signal to the engine room to increase speed. ... [McMahon] consistently played ignorant of any signal from Kennedy."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gasa and Kumana in later life

Template:Main Both Solomon Islanders, Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, were alive when visited by National Geographic in 2002.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They were each presented with a bust and a letter from the Kennedy family.

Kennedy invited both Gasa and Kumana to his inauguration, but the island authorities gave their trip to local officials instead. Kumana and Gasa made it to the airport in Honiara, but were turned back by Solomon Island officials because their appearance and pidgin English would be an embarrassment.<ref name="John F. Kennedy Library">Template:Cite book</ref> Gasa and Kumana gained recognition, especially after being mentioned and praised by National Geographic, and the publication of William Doyle's book on PT-109. Gasa died in late August 2005, his death noted only in a single blog post by a relative.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In 2007, the commanding officer of USS Peleliu, Captain Ed Rhoades, presented Kumana with gifts, including an American flag, for his actions more than 60 years earlier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2008, Mark Roche visited Kumana and discussed the PT-109 incident. Kumana had been a scout for the Coastwatchers throughout the war, and besides rescuing the crew of PT-109, he had rescued two downed American pilots who parachuted into the sea. Kumana noted that Kennedy visited him several times while still stationed at Rendova and always brought trinkets to swap. Kumana lived atop a cliff on his native island with his extended family. His most prized possession was a bust of President Kennedy, later given to him by the Kennedy family. Kumana gave Roche a valuable family heirloom, a large piece of Kustom Money, to place on the President's grave. (Among other uses, Kustom Money was used to pay tribute to a chief, especially by placing it on the chief's grave.) In November 2008, Roche placed the tribute on the President's grave in a private ceremony. The artifact was then taken to the Kennedy Library and placed on display beside the coconut with the rescue message.<ref name="John F. Kennedy Library"/>

Kumana died on Template:Nowrap 2014, exactly 71 years after PT-109Template:'s collision with Amagiri. He was 93.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Search for the remains of PT-109

The wreckage of PT-109 was located in May 2002, at a depth of Template:Convert, when a National Geographic Society expedition headed by Robert Ballard found a torpedo tube from wreckage matching the description and location of Kennedy's vessel.<ref name=NatGeoPT109>Template:Cite web</ref> The boat was identified by Dale Ridder, a weapons and explosives expert on the U.S. Marine Forensics Panel.<ref name=NatGeoPT109/>

The stern section was not found, but a search using remote vehicles found the forward section, which had drifted south of the collision site. Much of the half-buried wreckage and grave site was left undisturbed in accordance with Navy policy. Max Kennedy, JFK's nephew, who joined Ballard on the expedition, presented a bust of JFK to the islanders who had found Kennedy and his crew.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

National Geographic produced a TV special titled The Search for Kennedy's PT 109. A DVD and a book were also released.

Legacy

PT-109 and American–Japanese relations

Nine years after the sinking of PT-109, U.S. Representative John Kennedy, engaged in a race for the Senate, instructed his staff to locate Kohei Hanami, Commander of the Amagiri, the Japanese destroyer that had run down the 109. When they found Captain Hanami, Kennedy wrote him a heartfelt letter on 15 September 1952, with wishes of good fortune for him and for long-term peace between Japan and the United States. The two became friends, and Hanami subsequently went into politics in 1954, being elected as councilman of Shiokawa, and later as mayor in 1962. Hanami hoped to meet Kennedy on his next visit to Japan, and though the meeting never took place, the United States and Japan remained close allies. Years later, Caroline Kennedy accepted the post of Ambassador to Japan, holding the office from November 2013 to 18 January 2017, extending the positive relationship with Japan her father had begun after the war.<ref>Relationship with Hanami in Template:Harvnb</ref>

While Kennedy was running for president in 1960 he met with Fujio Onozeki, a Japanese naval officer who was aboard the Amagiri when it hit PT-109, who gave him a card signed by other officers from the Amagiri.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PT-109 in popular culture

President Kennedy presented PT-109 tie clasps to key supporters in his 1960 campaign,<ref name=PT109clip>Template:Cite sign</ref> as well as to close friends and staff members. Replicas of the tie clasps are still sold to the public by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. An original flag from PT-109 is now kept in the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. The story of PT-109Template:'s sinking was featured in several books and a 1963 movie, PT 109, starring Cliff Robertson. Kennedy's father, Joe Kennedy Sr., had a role in the production, financing, casting, and writing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As there were only a few 80-foot Elco PT-103-class hulls in existence by that time (none in operable condition or resembling their World War II appearance), United States Air Force crash rescue boats were modified to resemble PT-109 and other Elco PTs in the movie. Instead of the dark green paint used by PT boats in the Western Pacific theater during World War II, the film versions were painted the same gray color as contemporary U.S. naval vessels of the 1960s.

A song titled "PT-109" by Jimmy Dean reached Template:Nowrap on the pop music, and Template:Nowrap on the country music charts in 1962, making it one of Dean's most successful recordings.<ref name=PIR_1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Eroni Kumana named his son "John F. Kennedy".<ref name=CoastalLiving.Rescued/> Plum Pudding Island was later renamed Kennedy Island. A controversy arose when the government sold the land to a private investor who charged admission to tourists.<ref name=PIR_1/> PT-109 was also the subject of toy, plastic, and radio control model ships in the 1960s, familiar to boys who grew up as baby boomers. It was still a popular Template:Nowrap Revell PT-109 (model) kit in the Template:Nowrap. Hasbro also released a PT-109 edition of John F. Kennedy G.I. Joe action figure, dressed in Navy khakis with a miniature version of the famous coconut shell.Template:Citation needed

Two episodes of the World War II–themed television series McHale's Navy, which began airing during the Kennedy presidency, mention the PT-109 and its unnamed captain from Massachusetts (whose speech and accent Ensign Parker imitates in one episode). In one episode, the boat's captain is the ultimate choice to be the face of a congresswoman's bond selling tour, and in the other, Captain Binghamton lists the PT-109Template:'s captain as someone who has recently been promoted and of whom he is envious.

A video game marketing itself as a torpedo boat simulation was released by Spectrum Holobyte in 1987 with the title PT-109.

See also

• Patrol torpedo boat PT-59, commanded by Kennedy after he had recovered from the PT-109 ordeal

General and cited references

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• Hersey, John, "Survival", in The New Yorker, 17 June 1944.
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• Keresey, Dick (July–August 1998). "Farthest Forward". American Heritage.
• Kimmatsu, Haruyoshi (December 1970). "The night we sank John Kennedy's PT 109". Argosy. 371(6).
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External links

• PT-109 related photos at maritimequest.com