Pauline Nyiramasuhuko

Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (born 1 April 1946) is a Rwandan politician who was the Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women. She was convicted of having incited troops and militia to carry out rape during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. She was tried for genocide and incitement to rape as part of the "Butare Group" at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania.<ref name=Cases /> In June 2011, she was convicted of seven charges and sentenced to life imprisonment. Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted of genocide by the ICTR,<ref name=telegraph /><ref>Baldauf, Scott ( 24 June 2011). "Former Rwandan minister given life sentence for genocide crimes". The Christian Science Monitor</ref> and the first woman to be convicted of genocidal rape.<ref name=Fielding>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early life and career

Pauline Nyiramasuhuko was born in the small farming community of Ndora, in the province of Butare, to a poor Hutu family.<ref name=Landesman /><ref name=Sjoberg160 /> She attended high school at the Ecole sociale de Karubanda.<ref name=RNW /> There, she became friends with Agathe Habyarimana, the future wife of Juvénal Habyarimana, who became President of Rwanda in 1973.<ref name=Landesman />

Nyiramasuhuko trained and worked as a social worker.<ref name=RNW /> In 1968 she married Maurice Ntahobali, with whom she had four children.<ref name=Landesman /><ref name=RNW /> One of their children, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, would later be sentenced by the ICTR for a role in the genocide.<ref>TRIAL International: Arsene Shalom Ntahobali Template:Webarchive, Retrieved 22 December 2017.</ref> Nyiramasuhuko worked for the government's Ministry for Social Affairs, educating women about health and childcare.<ref name=Landesman /> In 1986, she attended the National University of Rwanda to study law.<ref name=RNW /> She was Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women in Habyarimana's government from 1992.<ref name=Landesman /><ref name=CNN97 />

Background of attack

The Rwandan genocide started on 7 April 1994, immediately following Habyarimana's assassination. Armed Hutus were deployed throughout the countryside. They set up check points to cull fleeing Tutsis from the rest of the evacuating crowds. Hutus who refused to participate in the genocide were attacked.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=AP>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name = "Reuters">Template:Cite news</ref> At night, the residents of Butare watched the firelight from the hills in the west, and could hear gunfire from nearby villages. When armed Hutus gathered at the edges of Butare, citizens of Butare defended its borders.<ref name = "TNYT Work">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref>

In response to the revolt, the interim government of Rwanda sent Pauline Nyiramasuhuko from Kigali, the capital, to intervene in her home town of Butare. She ordered the governor Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana to organize the killings. When he refused, he was killed, and Nyiramasuhuko called in militias from Kigali.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 25 April 1994, thousands of Tutsis gathered at the stadium where the Red Cross was providing food and shelter. Nyiramasuhuko is said to have orchestrated a trap in the stadium.<ref name= Landesman /> The Hutu paramilitary group Interahamwe, led by Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, Pauline's 24-year-old son, surrounded the stadium. Refugees were raped, tortured, killed, and their bodies were burned.<ref name = Zimbardo13 /><ref name = csmonitor /> Nyiramasuhuko allegedly told militiamen, "before you kill the women, you need to rape them".<ref name= Zimbardo13 /> In another incident, she ordered her men to take cans of gasoline from her car and use them to burn a group of women to death, leaving a surviving rape victim as a witness.<ref name = "TNYT Work" />

She left Rwanda in 1994 following the Genocide and went to Zaire.<ref name = Sjoberg163 /><ref name = BBCVerdict /> She was arrested in 1997 in Nairobi, Kenya, along with her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, the former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, and eight others.<ref name=telegraph /><ref name=CNN97 /> Her son had been running a grocery store in Nairobi. Her daughter-in-law, Beatrice Munyenyezi, fraudulently obtained political asylum in America the following year. She was sentenced to ten years in the US in 2013 for her perjury relating to her denial of involvement in genocide.<ref name=us>Rwandan woman stripped of US citizenship after lying about genocide, February 2013, The Guardian, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref><ref name=tenyear>U.S. Bureau of Prisons, website profile of Beatrice Munyenyezi; BOP# 11805-049; projected/actual release date: January 18, 2020</ref>

Trial

Nyiramasuhuko was tried at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) from 2001 to 2011. She was the first woman to be brought to trial by an international tribunal. She was indicted 9 August 1999, on the charges of conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity in genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional protocol 3.<ref name=indictment /> She pled not guilty to all charges.<ref name=ClosingArguments /> Nyiramasuhuko stood trial before Trial Chamber II with five others as part of the "Butare Trial" which, at its start in 2001, included the highest number of defendants to be tried jointly in relation to the Rwandan Genocide.<ref name=Chhatbar /> Her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, was one of the co-defendants and was accused of having led Interahamwe forces. Closing arguments for the Butare case were heard 1 May 2009.<ref name=ClosingArguments /> According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to "destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare".<ref name=telegraph />

On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape;<ref name=telegraph /> she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years.<ref name=CNN /> She was acquitted of three further charges.<ref name=telegraph /> Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR.<ref name=BBCVerdict /> Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of parole; four other officials on trial received 25-year sentences.<ref name=BBCVerdict />

See also

• List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Bibliography

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