Penstemon barbatus

Penstemon barbatus, known by the common names golden-beard penstemon, and beardlip penstemon, is a flowering plant native to the western United States.

The plant has spikes of clustered, tubular, scarlet blossoms with yellow hairs on their lower lip; the flowers are very attractive to hummingbirds. It is commonly grown in xeriscape and conventional gardens.

The late-summer flowering of Penstemon barbatus coincides with the southern migration of the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), and the hummingbirds use the flowers as "filling stations" for their long trip south.<ref name="Dodson & Dunmire" />

Description

Penstemon barbatus usually has stems that grow straight upwards, but sometimes they grow outwards from the base of the plant for a short distance before curving to grow upwards. It may be Template:Convert tall.<ref name="FNA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plants may have just one flowering stem or many.<ref name="Heil et al.">Template:Cite book</ref>

Leaves on the plants may be smooth, partly, or uniformly puberulent, covered in hairs.<ref name="FNA" /> At times they may be glabrous, hairless, on the upper side of the leaves while the undersides are puberulous.<ref name="Heil et al." /> The basal leaves, leaves springing directly from the base of the plant, and those attached low on the stems range in size from Template:Convert, though usually less than Template:Cvt. Their width ranges from as little as 6 millimeters to 35 mm, but usually between 12 and 30 mm.<ref name="FNA" /> Their shape is oblanceolate, resembling a reversed spear head, with the base tapered and the widest part past the middle of the leaf, and are attached by petioles, leaf stems. The upper cauline leaves, those attached further up the stem, are narrowly lanceolate or linear, shaped like a thin spear head or long and narrow like a blade of grass.<ref name="Heil et al." /> They measure between Template:Cvt long and just 1 to 15 mm wide, usually less than 8 mm wide. The base is tapered and attached directly to the stem while the tip is acuminate, long and drawn out, or at least narrowly pointed.<ref name="FNA" />

Side view of flowers showing length of floral tube

The inflorescence has six to nineteen groups of flowers, each with a pair of bracts under where the peduncles, the flower stalks, attach each flower to the main stem. In each group there are two cymes, points of attachment with a subgroup of flowers, each on opposite side of the main stem with one to four flowers, though usually at least two. The flowers are narrow, bright scarlet, orange-red, or crimson tubes that are smooth on the outside while having white to golden hairs inside the tube. The length of the flower is Template:Convert.<ref name="FNA" />

Taxonomy

The botanist Antonio José Cavanilles named this species Chelone barbata in 1795. The species was renamed as Penstemon barbatus by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth in 1806, moving it to the Penstemon genus.

Varieties

It has three accepted varieties:<ref name="POWO" /> Template:Species list

Synonyms

According to Plants of the World Online there are Template:Table row counter synonyms of Penstemon barbatus or its three varieties.<ref name="POWO" /><ref>Template:Cite POWO</ref><ref>Template:Cite POWO</ref><ref>Template:Cite POWO</ref>

Table of Synonyms

Name	Year	Rank	Synonym of:	Notes
Chelone antwerpiensis Template:Small	1840	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Chelone barbata Template:Small	1795	species	P. barbatus	≡ hom.
Chelone formosa Template:Small	1798	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Chelone formosa Template:Small	1798	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Chelone mexicana Template:Small	1838	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Chelone mexicana Template:Small	1894	species	var. barbatus	= het. nom. illeg.
Elmigera barbata Template:Small	1840	species	P. barbatus	≡ hom.
Penstemon angustifolius Template:Small	1813	species	var. barbatus	= het. not validly publ.
Penstemon barbatus var. carneus Template:Small	1839	variety	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon barbatus f. flaviflorus Template:Small	1945	form	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon barbatus var. puberulus Template:Small	1859	variety	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon barbatus subsp. torreyi Template:Small	1939	subspecies	var. torreyi	≡ hom.
Penstemon barbatus f. torreyi Template:Small	1894	form	var. torreyi	≡ hom.
Penstemon barbatus subsp. trichander Template:Small	1939	subspecies	var. trichander	≡ hom.
Penstemon coccineus Template:Small	1848	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon coccineus var. filifolius Template:Small	1886	variety	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon coeruleus Template:Small	1827	species	var. barbatus	= het. nom. illeg.
Penstemon flaviflorus Template:Small	1908	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon formosus Template:Small	1839	species	var. barbatus	= het.
Penstemon torreyi Template:Small	1846	species	var. torreyi	≡ hom.
Penstemon trichander Template:Small	1906	species	var. trichander	≡ hom.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym

Names

One of the English common names for Penstemon barbatus is golden beard penstemon, referring to the gold colored hairs inside the flowers. It is also known as scarlet penstemon, red penstemon, and scarlet bugler. The name hummingbird flower is also used for this species, though this name is also applied to many other plants. In Spanish-speaking New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Snd "St. Joseph's staff".<ref name="Dodson & Dunmire">Template:Cite book</ref>

Distribution and habitat

Penstemon barbatus grows in the Four Corners states, Texas, and in much of Mexico.<ref name="Hassler">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Colorado it grows largely in southern mountain counties, only being found as far north as Garfield County. The native range of the species in Utah does not go so far north with it reaching to Wayne and San Juan counties. Only the southeastern quarter of New Mexico lacks reports of the species and it grows in much of Arizona. Most of the range of P. barbatus in Texas is in the counties in the Big Bend region and to the north in the state's far west.<ref name="USDA">Template:Cite usda plants</ref>

This species is very common in the northern parts of Mexico. In the northwest it grow in two of four states, Sinaloa and Sonora. While in the northeast it grows in every state including, Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas. In the central highlands it grows in both Mexico City and the larger State of Mexico as well as the three other states of Morelos, Puebla, and Tlaxcala. It also grows in the gulf state of Veracruz. It becomes much less widespread in the south with it only reported in Chiapas in the southeast and in Jalisco, Michoacán, and Oaxaca in the southwest.<ref name="Hassler" />

The variety barbatus is associated with piñon–juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine forests and Douglas-fir forests in the southern parts of their ranges, and with Gambel oak, usually at elevations of Template:Convert, but occasionally as high as Template:Convert.<ref name="FNA var barbatus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similarly, var. torreyi is associated with all but the piñon–juniper woodlands, but additionally grows in spruce-fir woodland and montane meadows at elevations of Template:Convert.<ref name="FNA var torreyi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Variety trichander is only associated with piñon–juniper woodlands and birch-maple woodlands at elevations of Template:Convert.<ref name="FNA var trichander">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Conservation

In 1992 NatureServe evaluated Penstemon barbatus as secure (G5) at the global level. They have not evaluated the species at the state level.<ref name="NatureServe" />

Uses

The Zuni people rub the chewed root of the torreyi subspecies over the rabbit stick to ensure success in the hunt.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 95)</ref>

See also

List of Penstemon species

External links

• Penstemon barbatus Template:Webarchive at Northern Arizona University