People's Armed Police

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from People's Armed Police Force)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use American English Template:Infobox law enforcement agency Template:Infobox Chinese Template:PRC military sidebar Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

The People's Armed Police Force<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn is a Chinese gendarmerie organization<ref name="Sun2009" />Template:Rp primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection<ref name="ChinaDaily2009">Template:Cite news</ref> as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.<ref name="Blasko2006"/>Template:Rp

Unlike the civilian People's Police,Template:Efn the PAPTemplate:Efn is a specialized paramilitary force reporting directly to the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). PAP officers and soldiers wear dark olive green uniforms, different from pine green uniforms of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) or the light blue and black uniforms of the People's Police. Additionally, People's Armed Police police officers are active duty service members and receive veteran's benefits.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The PAP is estimated to have a total strength of 1.5 million. It was established in its current form in 1982, but similar security forces have operated since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the Maoist era, the PAP's predecessors were the Chinese People's Public Security Force, initially under the MPS, and later the Public Security Corps which was under the command of the PLA.<ref name="Xia2017">Template:Cite news</ref>

History

The history of the People's Armed Police is as long as that of the People's Republic, and its origin can be traced back to the People's Liberation Army, which was responsible for both defending the nation from foreign invasions and maintaining internal security. Although the force was officially established in 1982, its constituent units stretch back to 1949.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

People's Public Security Force

In July 1949, the CMC decided to establish the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) with Luo Ruiqing as its minister to organize the public security forces in the nation.<ref name="Xia2017"/> In August 1949, several security and public order units of the Fourth Field Army were consolidated into the Central Column of the Chinese People's Public Security Force (PSF) to guard the Party and State leaders and to keep the public order in the capital.<ref name="Xia2017"/> The Central Column provided security for the inauguration ceremony of the People's Republic.<ref name="Xia2017"/> From December 1949 to May 1950, regional security forces, along with the now dissolved Central Column, had been consolidated into divisions under the PSF.<ref name="Xia2017"/>

The PSF was assigned to the PLA and became the PLA Public Security Force in September 1950, and the PLA Public Security Corps in July 1955, reporting under the Central Military Commission of the CCP and the National Defense Council of the People's Republic.<ref name="Xia2017"/><ref name="Sun2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> Luo Ruiqing was appointed as the commander and political commissar of the PSF in September 1950 and remained on the posts until 1959, retaining the command of the PSF.<ref name="Xia2017"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As of 1960, the Public Security Corps was organized in 8,200-strong Public Security Divisions, which were deemed not capable of independent, sustained, full-scale combat operations.<ref name="HandbookChineseArmy1960">Template:Cite book</ref>

People's Armed Police Force

After numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the PLA and the MPS, the People's Armed Police was created on 19 June 1982, combining the previous armed police, border guards and Template:Ill.<ref name="Xia2017"/> The headquarter was set up in the MPS as a subordinate department.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel,<ref name="Guo2012">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp in the wake of growing unrest.<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp The PAP was officially founded on April 5, 1983.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The PAP was led by both the local government and superior PAP forces, which is called "Dual-Leadership" (双重领导). In practice, the local government (including the local party committee, local people's government and the local public security bureau) carries more weight. However, there were many confusions and loopholes caused by this ambiguous organization structure.

In the mid and late 1990s, CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin significantly expanded and strengthened the PAP, with more than 100,000 new troops.<ref name="Eckholm1999">Template:Cite news</ref> Jiang praised the PAP, describing it as "a major force for maintaining state security and social stability, the People's Armed Police shoulders a massive and formidable burden" and deployed it extensively in Xinjiang and Tibet.<ref name="Eckholm1999" />

Up until 2013, the Border Defense Coast Guard was a part of the PAP. In 2013, it was separated and transferred to the direct control of the Ministry of Public Security and the State Oceanic Administration. However, in March 2018, it was announced that the Coast Guard would be placed under the People's Armed Police Force once again since the State Oceanic Administration was disbanded, but now as an independent branch reporting directly to PAP headquarters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2017–2018 Reform

Until 31 December 2017, the People's Armed Police had a dual command structure including the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).<ref name="Blasko2006" />Template:Rp

Prior to the 2018 reform, the People's Armed Police was further divided into eight corps: Internal Guard, Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Transportation, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Safeguard Corps.<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp The Internal Guard Corps, which makes up for the bulk of PAP, is under the PAP Headquarters and reports thus to the party central committee and the CMC (Central Military Commission). The Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, and Transportation Corps, collectively known as the Specialist Corps, were by then under the joint leadership of PAP Headquarters and their respective ministries in the State Council.<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp The Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, collectively known as the Public Security Corps, were then under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp

By law however, the PAP operates separately from the PLA.<ref name="Blasko2006"/>Template:Rp and, in terms of conducting public security operations and relevant capability building, the PAP Headquarters is under the leadership and command of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).

From 1 January 2018, command of the People's Armed Police is jointly held by the CCP central committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC), with the PAP no longer subordinate to the State Council.<ref name="CD28Dec17">Template:Cite news</ref>

The reform was reportedly carried out in order to deprive the local Chinese Communist Party authorities of the power to use the PAP units to commit abuses or against the leadership in Beijing, especially after the Wang Lijun incident in which the PAP was allegedly abused by provincial party secretary Bo Xilai to surround the US Consulate in Chongqing after a falling out with Wang, the police chief of Chongqing at the time. Under the 2018 reforms, local authorities now need central approval in order to deploy the PAP.<ref name="SCMP28Dec17">Template:Cite news</ref>

On 10 January 2018, the PAP received a new flag following the design of the branch flags of the PLA with three olive stripes at the bottom. The three olive stripes represents the People's Armed Police responsible for the three main tasks and force composition of maintaining national political security and social stability, maritime rights protection and law enforcement, and defense operations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 21 March 2018, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party unveiled a reform plan for the People's Armed Police Force as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions.<ref name="Jamestown24Mar16PAP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under this plan, the non-combatant elements of the PAP, the Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, are to be removed and the CCG is to be consolidated with PAP.<ref name="Ni2018">Template:Cite news</ref> As of March 2018, the PAP is working with the Central Committee and the relevant organs for the transfer of non-combatant elements into civil service.<ref name="Ni2018" /> The Transportation Corps is the only remaining component of the Specialist Corps.

Until 2018, the Specialist Corps were responsible in constructing and maintaining highways and roads, surveying mineral deposits, fighting forest fires, and constructing large scale <ref name="Wuthnow2019" /> waterworks like dams and levees as well as for water works maintenance.<ref name="CAPF" /> The PAP is also called upon in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations within the PRC via the specialist and public security forces which can be forward deployed during such operations.<ref name="CAPF" />

Organizational changes

With the 2018 reforms, Specialist Corps other than the Transportation Corps have been placed under other ministries. China Coast Guard (CCG) was transferred from State Council to PAP command, and the Transportation Corps has some units under the Mobile Corps.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

The Border Defense Corps and Guards Corps have been absorbed by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). The Forestry Corps were merged with the Template:Ill (also known as the firefighting corps) of the MPS and reorganized as China Fire and Rescue (CF&R), it was placed under the Ministry of Emergency Management. The Gold Corps and Hydropower Corps have been transformed into state-owned enterprises under the supervision of the relevant State Council ministries (Ministry of Natural Resources and China National Gold Group Corporation and China Aneng Construction Corporation, respectively).<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Chronology

From the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the paramilitary public security force has been reorganized numerous times. The current designation since 1982, the People's Armed Police, was first used between 1959 and 1963.<ref name="Sun2009"/><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

  • 1949–1950: Chinese People's Public Security Force, under the Ministry of Public Security (MPS)
  • 1950–1955: Public Security Force, under the People's Liberation Army (PLA)
  • 1955–1959: Public Security Corps, under the PLA
  • 1959–1963: People's Armed Police, under the joint leadership of the MPS and the PLA
  • 1963–1966: Chinese People's Public Security Force, under the joint leadership of the MPS and the PLA
  • 1966–1982: PLA Internal Guard, absorbed into the PLA in an integrated structure. In 1971 and 1973, some units were transferred to the MPS
  • 1982–present: People's Armed Police (PAP)

Mission and operations

File:Tiananmen Square, August 2012 10.JPG
People's Armed Police Guards in front of Tiananmen

The People's Armed Police is formally regulated by the People's Armed Police Law of the People's Republic of China (Template:Lang-zh), adopted and effective since 27 August 2009.<ref name="NPCObs17Apr20">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The People's Armed Police's primary mission is internal security. The Law on the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF), passed in August 2009, giving it statutory authority to respond to riots, terrorist attacks or other emergencies.<ref name="ChinaDaily2009"/><ref name="Wines2009">Template:Cite news</ref> Such units guard government buildings at all levels (including party and state organizations, foreign embassies and consulates), provide security to public corporations and major public events, as well as counter-terrorism and handling of public emergencies.<ref name="APF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some units guard civilian prisons and provide executioners for the state. The PAP also maintains tactical counter-terrorism (CT) units such as the Snow Wolf Commando Unit and various Special Operations/Police units.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the Chinese policing system, the PAP is tasked with managing protests (otherwise referred to as "mass incidents") and protecting important facilities and events, while public security police investigates crime and maintain public order.<ref name="Sun2009" />Template:Rp The PAP assists the regular police in high-risk operations, set up roadblocks and protects crime scenes. It also conducts preventive patrol under the leadership of the public security bureaus, sometimes in conjunction with them. When dealing with mass incidents and armed offenders, responsibility shifts to the People's Armed Police.<ref name="Sun2009" />Template:Rp

The PAP maintains units tasked with responding to any possible armed mutinies by PLA soldiers. In wartime deployments the PAP can assist the Ground Force and the Navy.<ref name="Blasko2006">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

International operations

While the People's Armed Police is principally charged with internal security and guarding key facilities and installations, it also operates as part of the international security efforts of the People's Republic of China, against both terrorism and organized crime. Mathieu Duchâtel for The National Bureau of Asian Research identifies the legal basis of the PAP missions abroad in Article 71 of the 2015 Counter-terrorism Law. According Armed Police Force University professor Zhou Jian, counterterrorism is a task provided by law for the People's Armed Police and operating missions abroad is an "irreplaceable means".<ref name="RollandChinaSecurityOverseas" />Template:Rp

The People's Armed Police send personnel abroad to receive training or provide training and participates in counter-terrorism exercises, especially across Central Asia in bilateral and multilateral agreements.<ref name="RollandChinaSecurityOverseas" />Template:Rp <ref name="Heath2018">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp <ref name="CarnegieMoscCent30Mar20China">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> PAP special operations forces are also deployed in the Chinese embassies of Baghdad and Kabul for the purposes of protection of diplomatic staff and property.<ref name="RollandChinaSecurityOverseas" />Template:Rp

Since 2011, the People's Armed Police has also conducted operations along the Mekong river with the security forces of Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia. These operations are aimed against organized crime.<ref name="RollandChinaSecurityOverseas" />Template:Rp

Since 2014, the People's Republic of China established a security cooperation with Tajikistan and Afghanistan on Afghan border, near the Wakhan Corridor and in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. The People's Armed Police is the main force for both bilateral and trilateral counterterrorism operations (mainly reconnaissance patrols in remote areas), being deployed south of Shaymak; the PAP has also conducted training for Tajik security forces.<ref name="RollandChinaSecurityOverseas">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The Border Defense Corps has also been deployed in UN Peacekeeping operations. Between 2006 and 2018, the Border Defense Corps was deployed in peacekeeping 10 times, with a total of 1325 officers being deployed for peacekeeping.<ref name=":17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This includes MINUSTAH, where out of eight Chinese peacekeeping deaths in the 2010 Haiti Earthquake three were Border Defense Corps officers. The Border Defense Corps was also deployed in UNMIL, where on October 28, 2017, where the 5th PAP Deployment to Liberia (part of the Guangxi Border Defense Corps) was awarded the "Liberia National Outstanding Contribution Award" by the Liberian Government.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Comparisons to foreign agencies

The PAP has been compared by both Chinese and foreign scholars with the gendarmerie forces found in many countries, most famously the French Gendarmerie,<ref>Bao Xiaoyan and Zhang Tingyu: "Comparison of the Leadership System of the Armed Police Force and the French Gendarmerie", in "Journal of the Armed Police Command Academy" 2010, Issue 5</ref> but the main inspiration for the PAP's establishment and operation came from the Internal Troops of the Soviet Union and related paramilitary forces of the Eastern Bloc such as the East German Alert Units, adapted to the specific military-political culture and thinking of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership.<ref>Xia Yong, Gendarmerie as a Law Enforcement Force: Type Comparison and Enlightenment, "Rules of Law Research", 2016, Issue 3, page 110</ref> It has also sometimes been compared by Chinese media to the US National Guard.<ref name=":48">Template:Cite news</ref>

Leadership

Commander:

Commander Took office Left office notice
Li Gang January 1983 October 1984 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Li Lianxiu October 1984 January 1990 <ref name=":34" />
Zhou Yushu January 1990 December 1992 <ref name=":34" />
Ba Zhongtan December 1992 February 1996 <ref name=":34" />
Yang Guoping February 1996 December 1999 <ref name=":34" />
Wu Shuangzhan December 1999 December 2009 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Wang Jianping December 2009 December 2014 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Wang Ning December 2014 December 2020 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Wang Chunning December 2020 July 2025 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Cao Junzhang July 2025 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Political Commissar:

Political Commissar Took office Left office notice
Zhao Cangbi January 1983 July 1983 <ref name=":34" />
Liu Fuzhi July 1983 October 1984 <ref name=":34" />
Li Zhenjun October 1984 November 1985 <ref name=":34" />
Zhang Xiufu November 1985 January 1990 <ref name=":34" />
Xu Shouzeng January 1990 December 1992 <ref name=":34" />
Zhang Shutian December 1992 February 1996 <ref name=":34" />
Xu Yongqing February 1996 December 2003 <ref name=":34" />
Sui Mingtai December 2003 September 2007 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Yu Linxiang September 2007 July 2010 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Xu Yaoyuan July 2010 September 2014 <ref name=":35" />
Sun Sijing December 2014 January 2017 <ref name=":35" />
Zhu Shengling January 2017 March 2019 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

An Zhaoqing March 2019 January 2022 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Zhang Hongbing January 2022 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Training

The People's Armed Police has a number of training institutions, likely overseen by the Training Bureau of the Staff Department.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp<ref name="AllenChinaRanksTJF" />

New constables of the People's Armed Police are drawn from the general military conscription pool, but they are trained in the People's Armed Police basic training units.<ref name="Blasko2012">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

According to Zi Yang, the state of the education and training system as of 2016 suffered of issues which negatively affected the quality of education.<ref name="ZiYang24Mar16">Template:Cite journal</ref>

People's Armed Police Academy

The People's Armed Police Academy tasked with officer education and training for duties related to the missions entrusted to the People's Armed Police, including, since 2001, UN peacekeeping.<ref name="LeCamps2019CPAPA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The People's Armed Police Academy is headquartered in Langfang, of Hebei. The People's Armed Police Academy started to recruit cadets in 1984; since 1997, it has begun to issue bachelor's degrees; in 2003 it was allowed to issue master's degrees. According to a 2019 source, it is subordinate to the Ministry of Public Security.<ref name="LeCamps2019CPAPA" /> The PAP Academy is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general who serves as Superintendent.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp<ref name="AllenChinaRanksTJF" /> All graduates to the academy are commissioned into the PAP as Second Lieutenants (equivalent of Ensigns for those commissioned into the Coast Guard).

People's Armed Police Logistics Academy

The People's Armed Police Logistics Academy is a training body aimed to train People's Armed Police personnel in handling logistics. According to Unit Tracker, the university include subjects as applied economics, military and paramilitary logistics, as well as engineering.<ref name="Unit Tracker7Dec19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Logistics Academy is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp<ref name="AllenChinaRanksTJF" />

Organization

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Headquarters

The People's Armed Police Headquarters is the leading and commanding organ that directs and administers all the units and provides guidance to it. The PAP has a commander, a political commissar and several deputy commanders and deputy political commissars.<ref name="CAPF">Template:Cite book</ref> The PAP also has departments responsible for logistical and political matters and several speciality departments.

Following adjustment and reorganization, the People's Armed Police is mainly composed of the territorial forces, the mobile forces, and the Coast Guard.<ref name="Xinhua24Jul19">Template:Cite news</ref>

The People's Armed Police Headquarters, placed at Theater Command Grade, include five Departments directly under the Headquarters:<ref name="Wuthnow2019">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

  • Staff Department (Deputy Theater Command Grade);
    • Training Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
    • Intelligence Bureau (Division Leader Grade), led by Zhang Xiaoqi;
  • Political Work Department (Deputy Theater Command Grade): led by Director Lieutenant general Gao Wei;<ref name="SCMP15Dec19">Template:Cite news</ref>
    • Propaganda Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
    • Soldier and Civilian Personnel Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
  • Discipline Inspection Commission (Deputy Theater Command Grade);
  • Logistics Department (Corps Leader Grade);
  • Equipment Department (Corps Leader Grade).

Being of Theatre Command Grade, the People's Armed Police is led by a full General.<ref name="AllenChinaRanksTJF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mobile corps

Mobile corps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Template:Lang-zh), often mistranslated as "Contingents" are large formations without fixed areas of responsibility. Two were created after the 2018 reforms; most of the subordinate units came from the 14 disbanded mobile divisions. Mobile corps are corps leader grade formations<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp commanded by major generals.<ref name="AllenChinaRanksTJF" />

The mobile corps are mainly responsible for dealing with terrorism, violent crime, riots, and public security threats.<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp The 1st Mobile Corps is based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, south of Beijing. The Corps covers northern and central China, including Beijing.<ref name="IISS21Jun19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2nd Mobile Corps is headquartered in Fuzhou, with units concentrated in Fujian and surrounding provinces along the coast (covering eastern and southern China).<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

Internal security forces

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The major part of the PAP is the nèiwèi bùduì (Template:Lang-zh); translations include "internal security forces",<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp "internal security troops",<ref name="ZiYang24Mar16"/> and "internal guards corps".<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp Internal security forces are divided into provincial-level formations<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp with geographical areas of responsibility.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp They are subordinated to PAP headquarters;<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp the 2017-2018 reforms removed control of PAP units from local government.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp Internal security forces are focused on domestic security missions, maintaining stability in western China, guarding government compounds, disaster relief, and responding to major anti-government unrest.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

The zǒngduì (Template:Lang-zh) is the provincial formation. They are called "corps" by the PAP;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Western analysts have used "contingent",<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp "general corps", and "detachment".<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp Most are corps deputy leader grade formations. The exceptions are the Beijing and Xinjiang corps which are corps leader grade; their subordinate entities, except for the logistics and equipment bureaus, are one grade higher than in the other corps.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp Hong Kong and Macau do not have corps.<ref name="ZiYang24Mar16"/> Corps have mobile detachments and duty detachments (Template:Lang-zh).<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

Duty detachments protect government compounds and perform routine duties; they may exist because the CCP lacks confidence in the ability of local public security forces to handle "mass incidents".<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

Mobile detachments (Template:Lang-zh) are rapid reaction units roughly corresponding to PLAGF regiments.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp Some were existing corps mobile units before the reforms.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp Most were transferred from the disbanded mobile divisions.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp Most corps have one.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp In general, western provinces with large non-Han population have more than those in China's interior.<ref name="CarrdusPolicingETurk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp

Corps are further subdivided at lower administrative levels. Regimental-level detachments (Template:Lang-zh) are found in provinces, prefectures, and specifically designated cities. Battalions (Template:Lang-zh) are located in districts of the important cities and counties. Companies (Template:Lang-zh) are found in counties.<ref name="Guo2012" />Template:Rp<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp All corps have subordinate elementary command colleges.<ref name="CAPF" />

Transportation units

Prior to the 2018 reforms, the Template:Ill (Template:Lang-zh) was its own independent corps under the dual command of the PAP and the Ministry of Transport.<ref name=":18">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the 2018 reforms, the Transportation Corps was reorganized into part of the 1st and 2nd mobile corps.<ref name=":18" /><ref name="Wuthnow2019" /> The mission of Transport units of the People's Armed Police is to conduct disaster relief and emergency repair on highways, bridges, tunnels, seaports railways and airports, security to construction projects related to national security along with law enforcement duties on highways in border regions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

The lineage of the 1st Transportation Detachment, 2nd Mobile Corps dates back to the 2nd World War, when it was known as the Laiyuan guerilla detachment of the Jin-Cha-Ji Military district. It participated in the Chinese civil war, WW2 and the Korean war. After becoming part of the Template:Ill it was deployed to build the Duku Highway in 1974 in which 47 personnel lost their lives.<ref name=":18" />

Prior to 1984, the transportation corps was part of the Template:Ill.<ref name=":18" />

The 7th Transportation Detachment assisted in disaster relief after the 2015 Tianjin explosions.<ref name=":22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The 6th Detachment of the transportation corps deployed 105 officers and 48 vehicles for urban search and rescue duties during the 2015 Shenzhen landslide.<ref name=":21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Organization (Post-2018)

After the 2018 reforms, the transportation corps was reorganized into 5 detachments in the 1st and 2nd Mobile Corps:<ref name="Wuthnow2019" /><ref name=":18" />

  • 1st Transportation Detachment, 1st Mobile Corps - Stationed in Beijing
  • 2nd Transportation Detachment, 1st Mobile Corps - Stationed in Chang'an District, Xi'an<ref name="Wuthnow2019" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1st Transportation Detachment, 2nd Mobile Corps- Stationed in Hefei, Anhui<ref name=":18" />
  • 2nd Transportation Detachment, 2nd Mobile Corps - Stationed in Mianyang, Sichuan<ref name="Wuthnow2019" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Controversy

In 2015, ex-Transportation corps commander Major General Liu Zhanqi, ex-Transportation corps Political commissar Major General Template:Ill and ex-Transportation Corps Chief engineer Major General Template:Ill were arrested on June 16, July 31 and September 15 respectively on corruption-related charges as part of the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping. As of September 16, 2015, a total of 43 people were arrested in relation to the case.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref>

China Coast Guard

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force Coast Guard Bureau, also abbreviated as China Coast Guard is the agency for maritime search and rescue and law enforcement in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. The China Coast Guard was formerly the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police (PAP) Border Security Force under the Ministry of Public Security until 2013. In March 2013, China announced it would form a unified Coast Guard commanded by the State Oceanic Administration. This renewed Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013. As of July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the command of the Central Military Commission (CMC).

According to Joel Wuthnow, the Coast Guard Command within the People's Armed Police possibly is of Corps Leader Grade, led by a Commandant who is usually holding Major General (Rear Admiral) rank.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

In June 2018, China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out contrast of illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, when performing duties related to the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.<ref name="NPCObs22Jun18">Template:Cite news</ref>

Special Operations units

The People's Armed Police maintains several Special Operations Units,<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":28" /> also known by Western sources as "Special Police units". They were established in Beijing in early 1980s and in 1983 the first of them was transferred to the People's Armed Police as the People's Armed Police Special Police Group. In 1985 the Group became People's Armed Police Special Police School and, in 2002, it became the People's Armed Police Special Police Academy.<ref name="Sun2009" />Template:Rp<ref name="BootCampPAPSOF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Better source needed</ref> In 2002, the Snow Wolf Commando Unit, since 2007 Snow Leopard Commando Unit, was established in Beijing as the second special police unit.<ref name="Sun2009" />Template:Rp<ref name="BootCampPAPSOF" /> According to Joel Wuthnow, the Snow Leopard Commando Unit was moved from the Beijing Corps to the 2nd Mobile Corps in 2018.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

The special operations units are tasked to carry out counter terrorism missions, riot control, anti-hijacking and bomb disposal.<ref name="BootCampPAPSOF" />

Local special operations units receive Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) training,<ref name=":27">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> fast roping,<ref name=":9">Template:Cite AV media</ref> counterinsurgency tactics,<ref name=":15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> along with training in hostage rescue and hostage negotiation.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite AV media</ref>

Structure of Special operational units

File:Wild Wolf patch set.jpg
Insignia of the Wild Wolf unit

Special Police Units/Special operations units are organized and placed at the Municipal<ref name=":15" /> and Provincial level.<ref name="BootCampPAPSOF" />

In addition, the 1st and 2nd Mobile Corps maintain a total of 5 Special Operations Detachments.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" />Template:Rp

Municipal detachments each have their own Special Operations Company, which is typically placed under the municipal mobile battalion.<ref name=":29">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":28" /> Each provincial corps (Template:Lang-zh) establishes and maintains a special operations detachment as part of its own territorial organization.<ref name="BootCampPAPSOF" /><ref name=":27" /> The provincial special operations detachment of the Template:Ill is the Mountain Eagle Commando Unit.<ref name="Wuthnow2019" /> In some provincial corps, the special operations unit is battalion<ref name=":30"/> or company sized and is placed under the mobile detachment.<ref name=":30">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Template:Ill Mobile Detachment's 1st Special Operations Company is known as the "Sky Sword" unit (Template:Lang-zh). It can trace its lineage back to the 7th Company, 3rd Battalion of the 28th Group Army's 84th Infantry Division's 251st Regiment which was involved in the Battle of Jinan and the Huaihai campaign. In its entire history, it was deployed to approximately 50 law enforcement/disaster relief operations, won gold or silver in 100+ competitions and was awarded first class meritorious service medals 1 time, 2nd class meritorious service medals 5 times and 3rd class meritorious service medals 12 times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":25">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Shenzhen Detachment's Special Operations Company is known as the "Wild Wolf" unit (Template:Lang-zh). It was founded in 2005 and given the name in 2008.<ref name=":32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Jinan Detachment's Special Operations Company is known as the "Lightning Commando Unit" (Template:Zh) it was founded in 2009 and only had 30 members at the start.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Border Defense Corps Special Operations units

Template:External mediaTemplate:External media

In April 2012, the Xinjiang Border Defense Corps Female Special Service team (新疆公安边防总队女子特勤分队) was founded. In March 2015 it was renamed to the "Snowy Eagle Female Special Service team" (雪鹰女子特勤分队) at the Xinjiang Border Corps Training Base.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At its founding in 2012, it only had 6 members, and by March 2015 it had 34 members.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It assisted in security at the China Eurasia Expo multiple times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Shenzhen Border Defense Detachment operated the Template:Ill (Nicknamed "Maritime Jiaolongs"), a police tactical unit which is dedicated to maritime anti-terrorism, search and rescue, combat diving and VBSS.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Communications

Using the national information infrastructure, the PAP has established a preliminary system of three-level integrated information networks, linking general headquarters with the grass-roots squadrons.<ref name="CAPF" />

Equipment

In response to the needs of the People's Armed Police, the service provides for the use of many types of weapons. Special Operation Forces of People's Armed Police uses various kind of weapons according to necessity of missions.

Name Country of origin Type Notes
QSZ-92 Template:Flag Semi-automatic pistol citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

QCW-05 Personal defense weapon <ref name="TNIChineseGuns" />
QCQ-171 Submachine gun citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

QBZ-95 Assault rifle <ref name="TNIChineseGuns" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

QBZ-191
Norinco CQ
Type 81 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

QBZ-03 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

QBS-06 Underwater assault rifle Used by Snow Leopard Commando Unit<ref name=":8">Template:Cite AV media</ref>
QBS-09 Shotgun <ref name=":28" />
QBU-88 Sniper rifle citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Type 85 sniper rifle citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Remington M700 Template:Flag citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

CS/LR4 Template:Flag citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Type 69 RPG Rocket launchers citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

PF-98 Used by Snow Leopard Commando Unit<ref name=":8" />
Crossbows Used due to crossbows being more silent than firearms<ref name=":28" />
QBB-95 Light machine gun <ref name=":8" />
Heavy machine guns Heavy machine gun <ref name=":48" />
Mortars Mortar <ref name=":48" />

In addition, the People's Armed Police makes use of remotely-controlled technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, advanced surveillance technology and bomb disposal robots, as well as intelligent unmanned systems.<ref name="Boyd21Jun19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ChinaMil6Nov19">Template:Cite news</ref> K9s and ballistic shields are also used.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":23" />

Drones and Mini UGVs are often used for recon.<ref name=":28" />

Vehicles

People's Armed police vehicles can be identified with their Vehicle registration plates which start with WJ.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Vessels

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The PAP Ganzhou Detachment have been seen with speedboats for search and rescue during floods.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Snow Leopard Commando Unit also uses speedboats when raiding terrorist hideouts in islands.<ref name=":8" />

Helicopters

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Retired Equipment

Template:See also

Helicopters

Vehicles

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Line of duty deaths

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Ranks and insignia

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Due to its history with the PLA, the PAP has a similar rank structure to the PLA and also obeys its regulations. PAP guards are also recruited at the same time and through the same procedures as PLA soldiers. However, the PAP has its own education and training system separate from the PLA. Like the PLA, the PAP also celebrates Army Day on August 1 of every year, and enjoys the same services as the PLA.

Officers

Title<ref name="Xu Ping">Template:Cite book</ref> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Equivalent Translation General Lieutenant general Major general Senior colonel Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain 1st lieutenant 2nd lieutenant Officer cadet
Shoulder Insignia File:CAPF-0720-GEN.png File:CAPF-0719-LTG.png File:CAPF-0718-MG.png File:CAPF-0717-SNC.png File:CAPF-0716-COL.png File:CAPF-0715-LTC.png File:CAPF-0714-MAJ.png File:CAPF-0713-CPT.png File:CAPF-0712-1LT.png File:CAPF-0711-2LT.png File:CAPF-0710-CDT.png
Collar Insignia File:CAPF-Collar-0720-GEN.png File:CAPF-Collar-0719-LTG.png File:CAPF-Collar-0718-MG.png File:CAPF-Collar-0717-SNC.png File:CAPF-Collar-0716-COL.png File:CAPF-Collar-0715-LTC.png File:CAPF-Collar-0714-MAJ.png File:CAPF-Collar-0713-CPT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0712-1LT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0711-2LT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0710-CDT.png

Non-commissioned officers and enlisted

Title<ref name="Xu Ping"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Equivalent translation Master Sergeant 1st class Master Sergeant 2nd class Master Sergeant 3rd class Staff sergeant 1st Class Staff sergeant 2nd Class Sergeant Corporal Private 1st class Private
Shoulder Insignia File:CAPF-0709-1CSGT.png File:CAPF-0708-2CSGT.png File:CAPF-0707-3CSGT.png File:CAPF-0706-4CSGT.png File:CAPF-0705-SSG.png File:CAPF-0704-SGT.png File:CAPF-0703-CPL.png File:CAPF-0702-PFC.png File:CAPF-0701-PVT.png
Collar Insignia File:CAPF-Collar-0709-1CSGT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0708-2CSGT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0707-3CSGT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0706-4CSGT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0705-SSG.png File:CAPF-Collar-0704-SGT.png File:CAPF-Collar-0703-CPL.png File:CAPF-Collar-0702-PFC.png File:CAPF-Collar-0701-PVT.png

See also

Template:Portal

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Commanders of the People's Armed Police Template:China national security Template:People's Liberation Army Template:China topics

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=People%27s_Armed_Police&oldid=107798"