Permit-class submarine

Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship class overviewTemplate:Infobox ship characteristics

The Permit-class submarine (known as the Thresher class until the lead boat Template:USS was lost) was a class of fourteen nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (hull classification symbol SSN) in service with the United States Navy from the early 1960s until 1996. They were a significant improvement on the Template:Sclass, with greatly improved sonar, diving depth, and silencing.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> They were the forerunners of all subsequent US Navy SSN designs. They served from the 1960s through to the early 1990s, when they were decommissioned due to age.<ref>Friedman, pp. 235–36</ref> They were followed by the Template:Sclass and Template:Sclass classes.

The Thresher class was one of several results from a study commissioned in 1956 by Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral Arleigh Burke. In "Project Nobska", the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the United States National Academy of Sciences, collaborating with numerous other agencies, considered the lessons of submarine warfare and anti-submarine warfare learned from various prototypes and experimental platforms. The design was managed under project SCB 188.<ref>Friedman, p. 143</ref>

Design

The new class kept the proven S5W reactor plant from the immediately preceding Template:Sclasss, but were a radical change in many other ways. The Threshers had the large bow-mounted sonar sphere and angled, amidships torpedo tubes used in the concurrently-built Template:USS. This placed the sonar sphere in the optimum position for detection of targets at long range. Tullibee was an alternate design optimized for anti-submarine warfare, much smaller and slower than the Threshers and with a quiet turbo-electric propulsion system.<ref>Friedman, pp. 136–42, 243</ref> Although they used the same HY-80 steel (yield strength Template:Convert) as the Skipjacks, the ThreshersTemplate:' pressure hulls were made using an improved design that extended test depth to Template:Convert. The engineering spaces were also redesigned, with the turbines supported on "rafts" that were suspended from the hull on isolation mounts for acoustic quieting. Drag was reduced, with external fittings kept to a minimum and the sail greatly reduced in size.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/>

The small sail of Thresher (the smallest fitted to an American SSN) compensated for the increased drag of the longer hull, giving Thresher a top speed of Template:Convert, the same as the Skipjacks, according to one recollection.<ref>Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2004) Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, Potomac Books, p. 363</ref> However, the small sail had disadvantages as well, including room for only one periscope and a reduced number of electronics masts, less convenient surfaced operation in rough seas, and an increased possibility of "broaching" (inadvertent surfacing) at periscope depth in rough seas.<ref name="Friedman, pp. 143-146">Friedman, pp. 143–46</ref>

Only Thresher was fitted with a five-bladed symmetric screw, very similar to the ones originally fitted to the Skipjacks, which allowed her to reach this speed. During trials of the Skipjack class, it was found that the propeller produced noise below cavitation depth. It was determined that the source of this noise, called blade-rate, was the blades of the screw vibrating when they hit the wake of the sail and control surfaces.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> This produced a noise that could carry for many miles and could be used by an enemy submarine to set up a firing solution because the frequency of blade-rate was directly related to the speed of the submarine (the RPM of the screw). The solution was to either make the screw smaller so it did not hit the wakes of the sail and control surfaces, which would cavitate more easily because of its increased speed, or have a large screw that gently interacted with these areas of disturbed water. The latter solution was chosen for all subsequent American SSNs. Permit and later submarines of this class had seven-bladed skewback screws, which reduced the problem of blade-rate, but reduced the submarines' top speed to Template:Convert. Jack was designed with counter-rotating screws, each of which were smaller than the standard seven-bladed screw, as an alternative solution to the blade-rate problem.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/>

The class received mid-life upgrades in the late 1970s and 1980s, including the Template:Interlanguage link sonar suite with a retractable towed array, Mk 117 torpedo fire control equipment, and other electronics upgrades.Template:Citation needed

Armament

The boats had their torpedo tubes moved to the middle of the hull and angled outboard. This made available the required large space in the bow for the BQQ-2 (BQQ-5 as modernized from the late 1970s) sonar sphere, a new and powerful low-frequency detection sensor. Initially armed with Mark 37 torpedoes, by the late 1960s they carried the improved Mark 48 and the nuclear UUM-44 SUBROC short-range anti-submarine missile, replacing up to six Mk 48s. The Threshers were the first class fitted with the Mark 113 fire control system that enabled the use of SUBROC; they were later upgraded with the Mark 117 system. In the late 1970s the UGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile was introduced; typically four were carried in place of Mk 48s.Template:Citation needed

The maximum weapons load was 23 torpedoes/missiles or, theoretically, up to 42 Mk 57, Mk 60, or Mk 67 mines. Any mix of mines, torpedoes, and missiles could be included.<ref>War Machines Encyclopedia, Aerospace Publishing Ltd., Italian version printed by De Agostini, pp. 526–27</ref>

Construction

The first submarine commissioned in the class was the ill-fated Template:USS, and so the class was known by her name. When Thresher was lost on 10 April 1963, the class took the name of the second ship in the class, Template:USS. Thresher had numerous advanced design features and embodied the future of US Navy submarine design, and her loss was a serious blow. As a result, the SUBSAFE program was instituted to correct design flaws and introduce strict manufacturing and construction quality control in critical systems. The seawater and main ballast systems of future classes (Sturgeon-class SSNs and Template:Sclass SSBNs) were redesigned, and some Threshers and other submarines were rebuilt to SUBSAFE standards. SUBSAFE includes specific training of SUBSAFE quality assurance inspectors in the engineering crew, and tracks extremely detailed information about every component of a submarine that is subject to sea pressure. Joints in any equipment carrying seawater must be welded (not brazed), and every hull penetration larger than a specified size can be quickly shut by a remote hydraulic mechanism.<ref name="Friedman, pp. 143-146"/> The program has been very successful, as no SUBSAFE submarines have been lost as of 2023 (Template:USS was not SUBSAFE).Template:Citation needed

Template:USS, Template:USS, and Template:USS were designed under project SCB 188M and were fitted with a larger sail, to house additional masts, and built 13 feet 9 inches longer than the other units of the class to include more SUBSAFE features, additional reserve buoyancy, more intelligence gathering equipment and improved accommodations. Template:USS was completed with the larger sail but the standard Template:Convert hull.

The engine room of Template:USS was lengthened by Template:Convert to accommodate an experimental direct-drive propulsion system using concentric counter-rotating propellers. Although counter-rotating propellers produced impressive gains in speed on the experimental Template:USS, in Jack the results were disappointing because of the difficulty in sealing the shaft. Jack was also used to test polymer ejection that could reduce flow noises that degraded sonar performance.Template:Citation needed

Boats in class

The gaps in the hull number sequence were taken by the unique Template:USS, and the Template:Sclass, Template:Sclass, and Template:Sclass fleet ballistic missile submarine classes.Template:Citation needed

Name	Hull number	Builder	Template:Vert header	Template:Vert header	Template:Vert header	Template:Vert header	Period of service	Fate
Template:USS	SSN-593	Portsmouth Naval Shipyard	28 May 1958	9 Jul 1960	3 Aug 1961	Template:N/a	1.7	10 Apr 1963	Lost with 129 crewmembers and shipyard personnel Template:Convert east of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, exact cause unknown.
Template:USS	SSN-594	Mare Island Naval Shipyard	16 Jul 1959	1 Jul 1961	29 May 1962	12 Jun 1991	29.0	20 May 1993	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-595		2 Mar 1960	9 Dec 1961	21 Nov 1962	3 Jan 1990	27.0	8 Mar 1996	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-596	Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi	9 Nov 1959	11 Feb 1962	24 Aug 1963	20 Dec 1989	26.3	14 Mar 1996	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-603	New York Shipbuilding, Camden, New Jersey	14 Mar 1960	17 Mar 1962	26 May 1964	1 Mar 1989	24.8	17 Feb 1995	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-604		9 Sep 1960	18 Aug 1962	16 Dec 1964	12 Jun 1991	26.4	20 Jun 1992	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-605	Portsmouth Naval Shipyard	16 Sep 1960	24 Apr 1963	31 Mar 1967	11 Jul 1990	23.3	30 Jun 1992	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-606		24 Nov 1959	9 Dec 1961	17 Oct 1964	15 Jan 1992	27.3	15 Aug 1992	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-607	Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi	6 Jun 1960	18 Aug 1962	4 Apr 1964	2 Dec 1988	24.7	1 Jan 1997	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-612	New York Shipbuilding, Camden, New Jersey	13 Feb 1961	15 May 1965	20 Dec 1966	2 Feb 1992	25.0	9 Jul 1992	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-613	Electric Boat	14 Apr 1961	22 Jun 1963	22 Jul 1966	26 May 1992	25.8	11 May 1994	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-614		15 Aug 1961	4 Apr 1964	3 Nov 1967	18 Apr 1994	26.4	30 Sep 1994	DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-615		15 Dec 1961	14 May 1964	25 Jan 1968	25 Apr 1996	28.2		DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:USS	SSN-621	Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi	24 Apr 1961	21 May 1966	22 Dec 1967	7 Apr 1993	25.3		DisposedTemplate:Efn
Template:Notelist

See also

• List of submarines of the United States Navy
• List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
• Template:Slink

References

• Gardiner, Robert and Chumbley, Stephen, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Karam, P. Andrew and Thompson, Roger, Rig Ship for Ultra Quiet: Life on a nuclear attack boat at the end of the Cold War. Google Books link
• Hutchinson, Robert, Jane's Submarines, War Beneath The Waves, From 1776 To The Present Day, Harper Paperbacks, 2005. Template:ISBN.
• Polmar, Norman (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945-2001. Dulles: Brassey's. Template:ISBN.

External links

• On Eternal Patrol USS Thresher page
• NavSource SSN Photo Gallery Index
• SSN-594 Permit class at GlobalSecurity.org