Peter I of Portugal

Peter I (Template:Langx; Template:IPA; 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367), known as Peter the Just (Template:Lang) or Peter the Cruel (Template:Lang), was King of Portugal from 1357 until his death in 1367.Template:Sfn

Early life

Born on 8 April 1320 in Coimbra, Peter was the fifth child of Afonso of Portugal and his wife, Beatrice of Castile. Of his six siblings, only two – sisters Maria and Eleonor – survived infancy.Template:Sfn

At six years old, shortly after his father ascended the crown, Peter was granted a retinue of six people, including his butler and tutor Lopo Fernandes Pacheco.Template:Sfn

First betrothal

In October 1327, marriage contracts were negotiated for Peter and Blanche of Castile, granddaughter of Sancho IV of Castile and James II of Aragon, and Peter's sister Maria and the future Alfonso XI of Castile.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Blanche was taken to be raised in Portugal until she was of age for marriage,Template:Sfn where she remained for eight years.Template:Sfn According to the Chronicle of Pedro I of Portugal by Fernão Lopes, during her stay, she began to show signs of illness and "defects of judgment" which made her unsuitable for marriage and for procreation. She was examined by physicians, including those sent by Alfonso XI, who confirmed her weak mental health and incapacity,Template:Sfn and, because of "Infante Pedro's refusal and the evident mental disorder of doña Blanca" the proposed marriage never took place.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Marriage

In 1328, Peter's eldest sister, Maria, was married to Alfonso XI of Castile. However, soon after their marriage Alfonso began a long affair with the beautiful and newly widowed Leonor de Guzman.Template:Sfn Maria bore Alfonso a son in 1334, who ultimately became Peter of Castile, but after the Castilian king refused to end his affair, Maria returned home to Portugal in 1335.

Alfonso had been married once before, to his cousin's daughter, Constanza Manuel (granddaughter of James II of Aragon). Alfonso had the marriage annulled in 1327, after only two years, to clear the way for marriage to Maria. This angered his cousin Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, a powerful Castilian aristocrat, and for two years Juan Manuel waged war against the Castilians – who had kept his daughter Constanza hostage – until Bishop John del Campo of Oviedo mediated a peace in 1329.

King Afonso, now enraged by the infidelity and mistreatment of his daughter Maria, forged an alliance with Juan Manual by marrying Peter to Constanza.Template:Sfn When Constanza arrived in Portugal in 1340, Inês de Castro, the beautiful and aristocratic daughter of a prominent Galician family (with links albeit through illegitimacy, to the Portuguese and Castilian royal families), accompanied her as her lady-in-waiting.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Affair

Peter soon fell in love with Inês, and the two conducted a long love affair that lasted until Inês's murder in 1355. Constanza died in 1349, following childbirth complications. The scandal of Peter's affair with Inês, and its political ramifications, caused Afonso to banish Inês from court after Constanza died. Peter refused to marry any of the princesses his father suggested as a second wife; and the king refused to allow his son to marry Inês as Peter wanted. The two aristocratic lovers began living together in secret.

According to the chronicle of Fernão Lopes, during this period, Peter began giving Inês's brothers, exiled from the Castilian court, important positions in Portugal and they became the heir-apparent's closest advisors. This alarmed Afonso. He worried that upon his death, civil war could tear the country apart, or the Portuguese throne would fall into Castilian hands, either as Juan Manuel fought to avenge his daughter's honor, or the de Castro brothers supported their sister. Peter claimed that he had married Inês against his father's orders. In any event, in 1355, Afonso sent three men to find Inês at the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, where she was detained, and they decapitated her in front of one of her young children.

Enraged, Peter revolted against his father.Template:Sfn Afonso defeated his son within a year. In a truce signed 15 August 1356, Peter swore to obey his father and pardon the men that murdered Inês.Template:Sfn Peter succeeded to the throne just months later in May 1357.

Possible bisexuality

In the chronicle of Fernão Lopes, the author included a chapter entitled "How the King ordered his squire to be capped because he slept with a married woman", leading some modern authors to suggest this "capping" (castration) was rather motivated by the king's jealousy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The squire, Afonso Madeira, is described as a great rider, hunter, fighter and agile acrobat, and records: "For his qualities, the King loved him very much and did him generous favors." Madeira, however, fell in love with Catarina Tosse, a married woman described as "brave, mad and very elegant, of graceful gifts and good society". To get closer to her, Madeira befriended her husband, and was thus eventually able to seduce her. The sovereign, however, is claimed to have discovered the affair, and decreed upon Madeira a brutal punishment—though the chronicler, enigmatically, insists upon the affection of the sovereign for the man, stating: "As much as the King loved the squire very much, more than should be said here [...]" Nevertheless, the chronicle records that Peter I ordered that "those limbs that men in greater esteem have" be cut from the unfortunate squire. Madeira is supposed to have received assistance and survived, but "thickened in legs and body and lived for a few years with a wrinkled face and no beard".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to the same chronicle, Peter I stuttered and had epileptic seizures.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Reign

Peter reigned for a decade, and is often confused with his Castilian nephew because of their identical nicknames. Fernão Lopes labels Peter "the Just" and said that the Portuguese king loved justice—especially the dispensing of it, which he enjoyed doing for himself. Inês' assassins received his harshest punishment: the three had escaped to Castile, but Peter arranged for them to be exchanged for Castilian fugitives residing in Portugal with his nephew, Peter of Castile.Template:Citation needed The Portuguese king conducted a public trial of Pêro Coelho and Álvaro Gonçalves in 1361. After finding them guilty of Inês' murder, the king ripped their hearts out with his own hands, according to Lopes, because of what they had done to his own heart. Diogo Lopes Pacheco escaped.

According to legend, Peter later had Inês' body exhumed and placed upon a throne, dressed in rich robes and jewels, and required all of his vassals to kiss the hand of the deceased "queen". However, contemporary evidence that the event occurred is minimal; Peter did have Inês' body removed from her resting place in Coimbra and taken to Alcobaça where it was reburied in the royal monastery.

Death and burial

After falling seriously ill in Estremoz in January 1367, Peter drafted his final will. He also forgave Diogo Lopes Pacheco, believing him to be innocent of murdering Inês.Template:Sfn The King died the morning of 18 January 1367.

Peter had two tombs constructed for himself and Inês, so they would see each other when rising at the Last Judgment. The tombs show Peter and Inês facing each other, with the words "Até o fim do mundo..." ("Until the end of the world...") inscribed on the marble.

Legacy

Peter's love affair with Inês de Castro and father-son conflict between him and Afonso IV inspired more than twenty operas and many writers, including: the Portuguese national epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões, the Spanish Nise lastimosa and Nise laureada (1577) by Jerónimo Bermúdez and Reinar despues de morir by Luís Vélez de Guevara, as well as Inez de Castro by Mary Russell Mitford and Henry de Montherlant's French drama La Reine morte.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Marriage and descendants

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Constanza Manuel (Template:Circa)
Maria	6 April 1342Template:Sfn	1377<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Marchioness of Tortosa by marriage to infante Fernando of Aragon,Template:Sfn Marquis of Tortosa (son of King Alfonso IV of Aragon and his second wife, Eleanor of Castile).Template:Sfn
Luís	1344	1344	Lived only eight days.Template:Sfn
Ferdinand	31 October 1345Template:Sfn	22 October 1383	Succeeded him as King of Portugal.
Daughter (possibly named Maria)	1349	1349	Died shortly after birth.Template:Sfn
Inês de Castro (Template:Circa)
Afonso	1350	1350	Died shortly after his birth.Template:Sfn
John	1352Template:Sfn	ca. 1396Template:Sfn	Lord of Porto de Mós, Seia and Montelongo, also Duke of Valencia de Campos. Claimant to the throne during the 1383–85 Crisis.
Denis	1353Template:Sfn	ca. 1403Template:Sfn	Lord of Villar-Dompardo, Cifuentes, Escalona and Alvar de Tormes. Claimant to the throne during the 1383–85 Crisis.
Beatrice	1354Template:Sfn	1381	Countess of Alburquerque by marriage to Sancho of Castile, Count of Alburquerque.
Teresa Lourenço (Template:Circa)
John	11 April 1357	14 August 1433	Natural son. Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. Succeeded his half-brother Ferdinand I after the 1383–85 Crisis as John I, 10th King of Portugal, the first of the House of Aviz.

See also

• Quinta das Lágrimas
• Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I (by Fernão Lopes)

References

Sources

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