Philadelphia City Hall

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Philadelphia City Hall is the seat of the municipal government of the City of Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Built in the ornate Second Empire style, City Hall houses the chambers of the Philadelphia City Council and the offices of the Mayor of Philadelphia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This building is also a courthouse, serving as the seat of the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. It houses the Civil Trial and Orphans' Court Divisions of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It also houses the Philadelphia facilities for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (which also holds session and accepts filings in Harrisburg and Pittsburgh).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Built using brick, white marble and limestone, Philadelphia City Hall is the world's largest free-standing masonry building and was the world's tallest habitable building upon its completion in 1894. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976; in 2006, it was also named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History and description

File:Photocopy of southeast pavilion under construction,1881.PCA - The New Public Buildings, Penn Square, Broad and Market Streets, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA HABS PA,51-PHIL,327-45.tif
Philadelphia City Hall under construction in 1881

The building was designed by Scottish-born architect John McArthur Jr. (1823–1890), and Thomas Ustick Walter (1804–1887).<ref name=nrisdoc>"National Register Digital Assets – Philadelphia City Hall" Template:Webarchive. nps.gov. National Park Service. December 8, 1976. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</ref> in the French Second Empire style of architecture, and was constructed from 1871 to 1901 at a cost of $24 million dollars (late 19th century value of American money). The City Hall's tower was completed by 1894,<ref name=nps>"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". (archive) National Park Service. pp. 2, 10. Retrieved November 9, 2017. "The tower rising 548 feet, The City Hall of Philadelphia was the highest occupied building in North America. The extended construction project lasted for thirty years (1872–1901); the building was occupied in various stages over a period of twenty-two years (1877–1898)…The statue was…hoisted to the top of the tower in fourteen sections in 1894."</ref> although the interior was not finished until 1901. Designed to be the world's tallest building, it was surpassed during the phase of construction by the Washington Monument (of Washington, D.C.), the Eiffel Tower (in Paris, France), and the Mole Antonelliana. The Mole Antonelliana was a few feet taller and was the tallest masonry (i.e. without the use of steel) building in the world until 1953. In that year a storm caused the spire to collapse and so the Philadelphia City Hall then became the tallest masonry building in the world (excluding monuments). Upon completion of its tower in 1894, it became the world's tallest habitable building.<ref name=occupy1>""History of City Hall: 1886–1890". (archive) Retrieved November 9, 2017. "1889: Mayor Fitler moves into completed offices on west side."</ref><ref name=occupy2>"History of City Hall: 1891–1901". (archive) Retrieved November 9, 2017. "1891: State Supreme Court opens in permanent courtroom."</ref> It was also the first secular building to have this distinction, as all previous world's tallest buildings were religious structures, including European cathedrals and—for the previous 3,800 years—the Great Pyramid of Giza; even the Mole Antonelliana was supposed to be a religious building—a synagogue—but then received a different use.

The location chosen was one of the five center city urban park squares dedicated by William Penn, that geometrically is the center to the other four squares within Center City renamed as Penn Square. City Hall is a masonry building whose weight is borne by granite and brick walls up to Template:Convert thick. The principal exterior materials are limestone, granite, and marble. The original design called for virtually no sculpture. The stonemason William Struthers and sculptor Alexander Milne Calder were responsible for the more than 250 sculptures, capturing artists, educators, and engineers who embodied American ideals and contributed to this country's genius.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city spent a total of $24.6 million on the erection of the building between 1870 and 1904.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

At Template:Convert, including the statue of city founder William Penn atop its tower, City Hall was the tallest habitable building in the world from 1894 to 1908. It remained the tallest in Pennsylvania until it was surpassed in 1932 by the Gulf Tower in Pittsburgh; it is now the 16th tallest. It was the tallest in Philadelphia until 1986 when the construction of One Liberty Place surpassed it,<ref name="libertyplace" /> ending the informal gentlemen's agreement that had limited the height of buildings in the city to no higher than the Penn statue.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

It was constructed over the time span from 1871 to 1901 and includes 700 rooms dedicated for uses of various governmental operations. The building structure used over 88 million bricks and thousands of tons of marble and granite.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> With almost 700 rooms, City Hall is the largest municipal building in the United States and one of the largest in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The building houses three branches of government: the city's executive branch (the Mayor's Office), its legislature (the Philadelphia City Council), and a substantial portion of the judicial activity in the city (the Civil Division and Orphan's Court of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas for the First Judicial District are housed there, as well as chambers for some criminal judges and some judges of the Philadelphia Municipal Court).

It was the tallest clock tower in the world when it was completed; it was surpassed by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower in 1912, and is currently the 5th tallest building of this type. The tower features a clock face on each side that is Template:Convert in diameter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The clock faces are larger in diameter than those on Big Ben which measure Template:Convert.<ref>"Big Ben:The Clock Dials" Template:Webarchive. parliament.uk. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved May 21, 2018.</ref> City Hall's clock was designed by Warren Johnson and built in 1898.<ref>"The Clock Business 1903m – Construction begins on great floral clock for 1904 World’s Fair" Template:Webarchive. wsjsociety.com. The Warren Johnson Society. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</ref> The 1937 Philadelphia Guide noted that "shortly after the clock was installed the city inaugurated a custom which still continues. Every evening at three minutes of nine the tower lights are turned off, and then turned on again on the hour. This enables those within observation distance, though unable to see the hands, to set their timepieces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are four bronze eagles, each weighing three tons with Template:Convert wingspans, perched above the tower's four clocks.<ref name=":0" />

City Hall's observation deck is located directly below the base of the statue, about Template:Convert above street level.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Once enclosed with chain-link fencing, the observation deck is now enclosed by glass. It is reached in a 6-person elevator whose glass panels allow visitors to see the interior of the iron superstructure that caps the tower and supports the statuary and clocks. Stairs within the tower are only used for emergency exit. The ornamentation of the tower has been simplified; the huge garlands that festooned the top panels of the tower were removed.

In the 1950s, the city council investigated tearing down City Hall for a new building elsewhere, but abandoned the plan due to the high cost of the demolition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Beginning in 1992, Philadelphia City Hall underwent a comprehensive exterior restoration, planned and supervised by the Historical Preservation Studio of Vitetta Architects & Engineers, headed by renowned historical preservation architect Hyman Myers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The majority of the restoration was completed by 2007, although some work has continued, including the installation of four new ornamental courtyard gates, based on an original architectural sketch, in December 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The building was voted 21st on the American Institute of Architects' list of Americans' 150 favorite U.S. structures in 2007.<ref>Other Philadelphia buildings on the list included the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Fisher Fine Arts Library at the University of Pennsylvania, 30th Street Station, and Wanamaker's department store."America's Favorite Architecture" Template:Webarchive. (February 9, 2005). American Institute of Architects. Retrieved April 23, 2014</ref>

William Penn statue

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File:PH(1897) p11 STATUE OF WILLIAM PENN.jpg
The William Penn statue prior to its placement atop the Philadelphia City Hall in 1894

The center of municipal government building is topped by a Template:Convert bronze statue weighing Template:Convert<ref name=nps/> of state and city founder William Penn (1644–1718), one of the 250 sculptures created by Alexander Milne Calder (1846–1923), that adorn the building inside and out. The statue was cast at the Tacony Iron Works of Northeast Philadelphia and hoisted to the top of the tower in fourteen sections in 1894, seven years before the building was declared completed in 1901.<ref name=nps/> The William Penn statue is the tallest atop any building in the world.<ref name=nps/><ref name=phillymag>Trinacria, Joe (May 17, 2017). "William Penn Is Getting a Facelift" (archive). phillymag.com. Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite its lofty perch, the city has mandated that the statue be cleaned about every decade / ten years to remove corrosion and reduce metal deterioration due to weathering, with the latest cleaning done in May 2017.<ref name=phillymag/> Penn's statue is hollow, and a narrow access tunnel through it from beneath in the stone / masonry and steel framing of the clock tower leads to a Template:Convert hatch atop the hat.<ref name=pennstatue>"William Penn Statue". (archive) Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref>

Artist / sculptor Calder wished the statue to face south towards the Delaware River and Bay, so that its face would be lit by the sun most of the day, and the better to reveal the details of his work. But the statue in reality, actually faces to the northeast, towards Penn Treaty Park in the Fishtown section of the city, which commemorates the site where Penn signed a treaty with the local Native American tribe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Pennsbury Manor, Penn's country home in Bucks County, is also located to the northeast.

By the terms of a gentlemen's agreement that forbade any other structure later built in the city from rising above the hat on the famous William Penn statue, so for decades, the Philadelphia City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until it was surpassed by the skyscraper One Liberty Place in 1986.<ref name=libertyplace>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1" /> The abrogation of this municipal agreement in local folklore of the nicknamed Curse of Billy Penn, supposedly brought down a curse onto local professional sports teams.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Twice during the 1990s, the statue was partially clothed in a major league sports team's uniform when they were in contention for a championship: a Philadelphia Phillies baseball cap in 1993 and a Philadelphia Flyers ice hockey team jersey in 1997—both teams lost however.<ref>Witmer, Ann (April 26, 2013). "Philadelphia's City Hall Tower offers a stunning 500-foot view: Not far by car" Template:Webarchive. pennlive.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017.</ref> The supposed curse ended 22 years later when the Philadelphia Phillies professional Major League Baseball team in the National League won the 2008 World Series, a year and four months after a small William Penn statuette had been affixed to the final steel beam of the Comcast Center during its topping out ceremony in June 2007.<ref name="TallestBuilding">Template:Cite web</ref> Another Penn statuette was placed on the topmost beam of the Comcast Technology Center in November 2017,<ref name=Top2>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Eagles won the Super Bowl a few months later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Centre Square

City Hall is situated on land that was reserved as a public square upon the city's founding in 1682. Originally known as Centre Square—later renamed Penn Square<ref name=Athenaeum>"Philadelphia City Hall location" Template:Webarchive. philadelphiabuildings.org. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 29, 2017.</ref>—it was used for public gatherings until the construction of City Hall began in 1871. Centre Square was one of the five original squares of Philadelphia laid out on the city grid by William Penn. The square had been located at the geographic center of Penn's city plan, but the Act of Consolidation in 1854 created the much larger and coterminous city and county of Philadelphia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Though no longer at the exact center of the city, the square remains situated in the center of the historic area between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers; an area which is now called Center City.

Penn had intended that Centre Square be the central focus point where the major public buildings would be located, including those for government, religion, and education, as well as the central marketplace. However, the Delaware riverfront would remain the de facto economic and social heart of the city for more than a century.<ref name=Weigley>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>"Centre Square: The heart of Philadelphia" (archive). by John Kopp. May 8, 2017. phillyvoice.com. Philly Voice – WWB Holdings, LLC. Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref>

Film appearances

City Hall has been a filming location for several motion pictures including Rocky (1976), Blow Out (1981), Trading Places (1983), Philadelphia (1993), 12 Monkeys (1995), National Treasure (2004), Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Law Abiding Citizen (2009), and Limitless (2011).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

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Notes

Template:Note label The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (an authority on the official height of tall buildings worldwide) provides the following criteria for defining the completion of a building: "topped out structurally and architecturally, fully-clad, and open for business, or at least partially occupiable."<ref>"CTBUH Height Criteria: Building Status – Complete" (archive.org). ctbuh.org. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved November 27, 2018.</ref> Philadelphia City Hall was occupied by the mayor beginning in 1889<ref name=occupy1/> and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania beginning in 1891,<ref name=occupy2/> and the building was topped out in 1894.<ref name=nps/> City Hall was the tallest habitable building in the world until 1908 when surpassed by the Singer Building. City Hall was surpassed during its construction by the Washington Monument and the Eiffel Tower, and is slightly lower by about Template:Convert than the Mole Antonelliana (completed in 1889);<ref name=history>"Mole Antonelliana" Template:Webarchive. museocinema.it. Museo Nazionale del Cinema. Retrieved November 12, 2017.</ref><ref name=emporis>Template:Usurped. emporis.com. Emporis Gmbh. Retrieved November 12, 2017.</ref> however, none of those three structures are considered habitable buildings.

References

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Further reading

  • Gurney, George, Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone, Fairmount Park Association, Walker Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1974.
  • Hayes, Margaret Calder, Three Alexander Calders: A Family Memoir by Margaret Calder Hayes, Paul S. Eriksson, publisher, Middlebury, Vermont, 1977.
  • Lewis, Michael J. Template:"'Silent, Weird, Beautiful': Philadelphia City Hall," Nineteenth Century, vol. 11, nos. 3 and 4 (1992), pp. 13–21

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