Phlegra (mythology)
Template:More citations needed Phlegra (Template:Langx)<ref name=LSJphlegra/> is both a real and a mythical location in Greek and Roman mythology.
Phlegra is a peninsula of Macedonia (more specifically in Chalkidike) in modern Greece; it is an ancient name for Pallene in historical Thrace, the latter as per the toponymy of the ancients. Pallene and Phlegra is most commonly called nowadays Kassandra, or Peninsula of Kassandra.<ref name=LSJphlegra/> In Greek mythology, it is the site of Zeus's overthrowing of the Giants (Gigantes) at the end of the Gigantomachy.<ref name=Ferrari>Template:In lang Ferrari, Anna. Dizionario dei luoghi del mito - Geografia reale e immaginaria del mondo classico: "Flegra". Milano: Bur, 2011.</ref><ref name=Dante>Alighieri, Dante.
The Divine Comedy: Inferno (commentary by Charles S. Singleton). Volumes 1-2
Princeton University Press, 1990.</ref>Template:Rp
The Greek geographer Strabo (c.63 BC – c. 24 AD) writes: Template:Blockquote
Nevertheless, various places have been associated with the Gigantomachy. The presence of volcanic phenomena, and the frequent unearthing of the fossilized bones of large prehistoric animals throughout these locations may explain why such sites became associated with the Giants.<ref>Mayor, p. 197 ff.; Apollodorus 1.6.1 n. 3; Frazer 1898b, note to Pausanias 8.29.1 "the legendary battle of the gods and the giants" pp. 314–315; Pausanias, 8.32.5; Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 5.16 (pp. 498–501), On Heroes 8.15–16 (p. 14).</ref> Pindar writes that the battle occurred at Phlegra ("the place of burning"),<ref name=Dante />Template:Rp as do other early sources.<ref>Aeschylus, Eumenides 294; Euripides, Heracles 1192–1194; Ion 987–997; Aristophanes, The Birds 824; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.232–234 (pp. 210–211), 3.1225–7 (pp. 276–277). See also Hesiod fragment 43a.65 MW (Most 2007, p. 143, Gantz, p. 446).</ref> Phlegra was an ancient name for Pallene,<ref>Herodotus, 7.123.1; Strabo, 7 Fragment 25, 27; Philostratus, On Heroes 8.16 (p. 14); Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Παλλήνη (Hunter p. 81), Φλέγρα; Liddell and Scott, Φλέγρα;</ref> and Phlegra/Pallene was the usual birthplace of the Giants and site of the battle.<ref>Gantz, p. 419; Frazer 1898b, note to Pausanias 8.29.1 "the legendary battle of the gods and the giants" pp. 314–315; Lycophron, Alexandra 115–127 (pp. 504–505), 1356–1358 (pp. 606–607), 1404–1408 (pp. 610–611); Diodorus Siculus, 4.15.1; Pausanias, 1.25.2, 8.29.1; AT-scholia to Iliad 15.27 (Hunter p. 81).</ref> Apollodorus, who placed the battle at Pallene, says the Giants were born "as some say, in Phlegrae, but according to others in Pallene". The name Phlegra and the Gigantomachy were also often associated, by later writers, with the Phlegraean Plain, the volcanic fields, at the east of Cumae.<ref>Strabo, 5.4.4, 5.4.6, 6.3.5; Diodorus Siculus, 4.21.5–7, 5.71.4.</ref> Diodorus Siculus presents a war featuring multiple battles, with one at Pallene, one on the Phlegraean Fields, and one on Crete.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.15.1, 4.21.5–7, 5.71.2–6.</ref> Even when, as in Apollodorus, the battle starts at one place, individual battles between Giant and god might range further afield, with Enceladus buried beneath Sicily, and Polybotes under the island of Nisyros (or Kos).<ref>Hanfmann 1937, p. 475 n. 52.</ref>
Strabo also refers to the Phlegraean Plain (Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration, or Template:Lang, Template:Transliteration,<ref name=LSJphlegra>Template:LSJ.</ref> later Template:Lang <ref name=Ferrari/>), in Campania, "which mythology has made the setting of the story of the Giants":
According to the Greek geographer, the Giants who survived, were driven out by Heracles, finding refuge with their mother in Leuca (Apulia),<ref name=Leuca>Template:Cite book</ref> in Italy's 'heel'. A fountain there had smelly water the locals claimed to be from the ichor of the giants.<ref name=Leuca/> Strabo also mentions an account of Heracles battling Giants at Phanagoria, a Greek colony on the shores of the Black Sea.<ref>Strabo, Geography 11.2.10.</ref>