Phragmites
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Phragmites (Template:IPAc-en) is a genus of four species of large perennial reed grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
Taxonomy
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by Kew Garden in London, accepts the following four species:Template:R<ref name=powo>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – The cosmopolitan common reed
- Phragmites japonicus Steud. – Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East
- Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. – tropical Africa, southern Asia, Australia, some Pacific Islands, invasive in New Zealand
- Phragmites mauritianus Kunth – central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius
(From Om Skudbygning, Overvintring og Foryngelse by Eugen Warming, 1884)
Wildlife in reed beds
Phragmites stands can provide food and shelter resources for a number of birds, insects, and other animals. Habitat benefits are often optimal when stands are thinner, and management of stands may promote more suitable habitat benefits.<ref name=Kiviat>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some evidence suggests that a short term management rotation of 1–2 years could maximize bird and invertebrate numbers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Uses
Ecosystem services
P. australis provides ecosystem services such as nutrient sequestration, soil stabilization, and waste treatment.<ref name=Kiviat/> It has been suggested that due to its resilience to climate change impacts, P. australis may provide beneficial ecosystem services that need to be considered in coastal ecosystems, even where it is considered an invasive species.<ref name="Cronin 2749–2752">Template:Cite journal</ref> Others have argued that the ecosystem services lost as a result of invasion outweigh the benefits gained and managers need to be responsive to invasion control.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Cultivation
P. australis is cultivated as an ornamental plant in aquatic and marginal settings such as pond- and lakesides. Its aggressive colonisation means it must be sited with care.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Phytoremediation water treatment
Template:Main Phragmites australis is one of the main wetland plant species used for phytoremediation water treatment.
Waste water from lavatories and greywater from kitchens is routed to an underground septic tank-like compartment where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a constructed wetland or artificial reed bed, where bioremediation bacterial action on the surface of roots and leaf litter removes some of the nutrients in biotransformation. The water is then suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge, or release to natural watercourses.
Thatching
Template:Main Reed is used in many areas for thatching roofs. In the British Isles, common reed used for this purpose is known as Norfolk reed or water reed. However, "wheat reed" and "Devon reed", also used for thatching, are not in fact reed, but long-stemmed wheat straw.Template:Citation needed
Music
In Middle East countries Phragmites is used to create a small instrument similar to the clarinet called a sipsi, with either a single, as in the picture, or double pipes as in bagpipes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The reed of the zurna is made from the common reed which is flattened after removing its brittle outer glaze and the loose inner membrane, and after softening it by wetting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The result is a double reed with an elliptical opening that vibrates by closing and opening at a high speed. This is not to be confused with other double reeds like that of the oboe which uses two reeds made from the giant reed leaning against each other.
Food
The leaves, roots, seeds and stems of phragmites are edible.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Young shoots can be cooked or eaten raw just like bamboo shoots. The young stems, "while still green and fleshy, can be dried and pounded into a fine powder, which when moistened is roasted like marshmallows." The seeds and rhizomes "can be ground into flour or made into gruel."<ref>Peterson, Lee, "A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America", page 228, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York City, accessed the sixth of September, 2010.Template:ISBN</ref> In Japan, young leaves are dried, ground, and then mixed with cereal flour to make dumplings. Grazing on phragmites by large-bodied domestic herbivores, such as cows, horses, sheep, and goats, can effectively control the plant and provide a reciprocal positive benefit for humans by generating meat, milk, leather, and wool etc.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Other uses
Some other uses for Phragmites australis and other reeds in various cultures include baskets, mats, reed pen tips (qalam), and paper.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Beekeepers can utilize the reeds to make nesting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the Philippines, Phragmites is known by the local name tambo. Reed stands flower in December, and the blooms are harvested and bundled into whisk brooms called "walis". Hence the common name of household brooms is walis tambo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Reeds have been used to make arrows<ref>William C. Sturtevant (1978) Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, p. 269, Government Printing Office. Template:ISBN, 9780160045813.</ref> and weapons such as spears for hunting game.<ref>Unaipon, D. (2001) Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines, p. 138, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Invasiveness and control
Some Phragmites, when introduced by accident or intent, spread rapidly. In tropics and subtropics, Phragmites karka is an abundant invasive species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the United States, prior to 1910, only a few areas in the Northeast contained non-native haplotypes of Phragmites australis.<ref name=Saltonstall>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, by 1960 non-native haplotypes were found in samples taken from coast to coast. Today, in some places like Michigan, Phragmites australis (haplotype M) has become the dominant haplotype.<ref name=GLPC>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Gross>Template:Cite web</ref> The problem is invasive non-native Phragmites australis quickly spread through marshes and wetland areas. They replace native plants, deny fish and wildlife nutrients and space; block access to the water for swimming, fishing and other recreation endeavors; spoil shoreline views; and pose a fire hazard.<ref name=MSU>Template:Cite web</ref> Phragmites also alters wetland biogeochemistry and affects both floral and faunal species assemblages,<ref name=Krzton>Template:Cite journal</ref> including potentially reducing nitrogen and phosphorus availability for other plants.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Phragmites can drive out competing vegetation in two main ways. Their sheer height and density can deprive other plants of sunlight and the chemicals they produce when decaying reduce the germination of competing seeds.<ref name=Uddin>Template:Cite journal</ref> Among other effects, the monocultures that result from invasion decrease spatial and temporal habitat heterogeneity and increase avian homogeneity.<ref name=Robichaud>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Recognizing the non-native form of Phragmites early in its invasion increases the opportunity for successful eradication dramatically. Once it has become established, removal by hand is nearly impossible.<ref name=MSU/> The seeds or rhizomes can quickly lead to a new dense stand. Chemical treatment is by far the most utilized method in North America.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The two most common active ingredients in herbicides for Phragmites control are glyphosate and imazapyr.<ref name=Hazelton>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Lakerest>Template:Cite web</ref> It is important to select the proper herbicide for the location. Further, even the proper herbicide can lead to unintended consequences since a large amount of decaying dead plant material can depress oxygen levels in the water and kill all the fish in a pond or small lake. Some success has also been obtained using goats to graze on Phragmites,<ref name=Guardian>Template:Cite web</ref> controlled burns, and native wild rice crops.<ref name=WGRT>Template:Cite web</ref> Biological controls have been suggested to be the most likely control method to succeed and biocontrols have been approved for introduction in North America <ref name=Blossey>Template:Cite journal</ref> Unfortunately, biocontrols may destroy the native subspecies population as well.<ref name="Cronin 2749–2752"/> When cutting under water, cutting and then flooding, or burning and then flooding, it is important that the entire Phragmites stand is completely submerged so that the plants cannot obtain oxygen.<ref name=GLPC/>
Biocontrol using two species of moth larvae (Lenisa geminipuncta and Archanara neurica) is being investigated in Ontario.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gallery
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Reed growth in early summer -
Common reed in winter, Sudbury, Massachusetts, US -
Phragmites in Amsterdam, Netherlands -
Phragmites in Farmington, Utah<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> -
Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes
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See also
References
External links
- Common Reed (Phragmites) Species Profile, National Invasive Species Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library