Phytolacca

Phytolacca is a genus of perennial plants native to North America, South America and East Asia. Some members of the genus are known as pokeweeds or similar names such as pokebush, pokeberry, pokeroot or poke sallet.<ref>Template:Cite web Annual Poke Sallet Festival, Harlan, KY</ref><ref>Ed Dinger "Allen Canning Company". International Directory of Company Histories. FindArticles.com. 15 Apr, 2011. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2005/ai_n19123469/</ref> Other names for species of Phytolacca include inkberry and ombú. The generic name is derived from the Greek word Template:Lang (phyton), meaning "plant," and the Latin word lacca, a red dye.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccagenin are present (in the leaves, stems, roots, blossoms, berries etc.) in many species which are poisonous to mammals if not prepared properly. The berries are eaten by birds, which are not affected by the toxin. The small seeds with very hard outer shells remain intact in the digestive system and are eliminated whole.Template:Citation needed

The genus comprises about 25 to 35 species of perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees growing from Template:Convert tall. They have alternate simple leaves, pointed at the end, with entire or crinkled margins; the leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen. The stems are green, pink or red. The flowers are greenish-white to pink, produced in long racemes at the ends of the stems. They develop into globose berries Template:Convert diameter, green at first, ripening dark purple to black.<ref name=China>Flora of China: Phytolacca</ref><ref name=America>Flora of North America: Phytolacca</ref><ref name=Peru>MacBride, J. F. (1937). Flora of Peru. Publications of Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. Volume XIII Part II pp. 553–556. University of Illinois. Full text</ref>

Selected species

Although many species are herbaceous, P. dioica forms a substantial tree

Nymboida National Park, NSW, Australia, August 2014.

The following species are accepted by one or more regional floras:<ref name=China/><ref name=America/><ref name=Peru/><ref name="GRINSpecies">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Chile>Reiche, K. (undated). Flora de Chile Volume 6 pp. 143–145. Full text</ref><ref name=Madagascar>Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar: Phytolacca</ref>

• Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Indian poke. Southern and eastern Asia (syn. P. esculenta Van Houtte, P. latbenia (Moq.) Walter). Black and Judziewicz report it in Dane County, Wisconsin in their 2008 and 2009 books (Wildflowers of Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region. A Comprehensive Field Guide, first and 2nd editions. )
• Phytolacca americana L. – American pokeweed. North America (syn. P. decandra L.)
• Phytolacca australis Phil. – Western South America
• Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth – Tropical and subtropical South America (sometimes included in P. icosandra<ref name=Chile/>).
• Phytolacca chilensis Miers – central Chile (possibly synonymous with P. icosandra<ref name=Chile/>)
• Phytolacca dioica L. – Ombú. Subtropical South America.
• Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér. – Eastern Africa, Madagascar (syn. P. abyssinica Hoffm.).
• Phytolacca heterotepala H.Walt. – Mexican pokeweed. Mexico.
• Phytolacca icosandra L. – Central and South America.
• Phytolacca japonica Makino – Eastern Asia (syn. P. hunanensis Hand.-Mazz., P. zhejiangensis W.T.Fan).
• Phytolacca octandra L. – Red inkplant. Subtropical and tropical regions worldwide (sometimes included in P. icosandra<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>).
• Phytolacca polyandra Batalin – Central and southwest China (syn. P. clavigera W.W.Smith).
• Phytolacca pruinosa Fenzl – Levantine Pokeweed. Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria.
• Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D.Bouché – Central and South America.
• Phytolacca sandwicensis Endl. – Hawaiian Pokeweed. Hawaii.
• Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl ex J.A.Schmidt – Northern South America.
• Phytolacca weberbaueri H.Walt. – Yumbi. Peru.

Formerly placed here

• Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale (as P. asiatica L.)
• Terminalia catappa L. (as P. javanica Osbeck)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>

Ecology

Template:Expand section Members of the genus Phytolacca can be found on every continent except Antarctica, though it is introduced in Europe and Australasia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Phytolacca is known to be dispersed by birds and box turtles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The ombú (Phytolacca dioica) grows as a tree on the pampas of South America and is one of the few providers of shade on the open grassland. It is a symbol of Uruguay, Argentina and gaucho culture. P. weberbaueri from Peru also grows to tree size. Both species have massively buttressed bases to their trunks, and very soft wood with a high water storage capacity which makes them resistant to grass fires and drought.<ref name="Waynes">Template:Cite web</ref>

In the Pacific Northwest of North America, pokeweed is an invasive species.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Uses

Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed, pokeweed, poke) is used as a folk medicine and as food, although all parts of it must be considered toxic unless, as folk recipes claim, it is "properly prepared."Template:Citation needed The root is never eaten and cannot be made edible.<ref>Iowa Cooperative Extension Service publication Pm-746 "POKEWEED"</ref> Poke salad ('poke salat') is considered part of traditional southern U.S. cuisine, where it is cooked three times in three changes of boiling water to remove some of the harmful components.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Toxic constituents which have been identified include the alkaloids phytolaccine and phytolaccotoxin, as well as a glycoprotein.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fossil record

A Phytolacca-like fossil has been described from the Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian) Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico, it is a permineralized multiple infructescence composed of berries with six locules, each containing a single seed with a curved embryo developed in a curved ovule with pendulous placentation, a berry anatomy that is similar to that of the genus Phytolacca. Though this new plant from Coahuila shares reproductive characters with Phytolacca, the constant number (six) of carpels per fruit and pendulous placentation support the recognition of a new genus, Coahuilacarpon phytolaccoides.<ref>PHYTOLACCACEAE INFRUCTESCENCE FROM CERRO DEL PUEBLO FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS (LATE CAMPANIAN), COAHUILA, MEXICO by Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz, Emilio Estrada-Ruiz and Balam Rodrigo Pérez-Hernández - American Journal of Botany 95(1): 77–83. 2008</ref>

External links

• Big Phytolacca, about 8 ft. high, photograph by Roland M. Harper, DeKalb County, Alabama, 9/26/1948, from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama