Pichincha (volcano)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox mountain Pichincha is a stratovolcano in Ecuador. The capital Quito wraps around its eastern slopes.
The two highest peaks of the mountain are Wawa Pichincha (Kichwa wawa child, baby / small,<ref name=kichwa>Template:Cite book</ref> Spanish spelling Guagua Pichincha) (Template:Convert) and Ruku Pichincha (Kichwa ruku old person,<ref name=kichwa/> Spanish Rucu Pichincha) (Template:Convert). The active caldera is in Wawa Pichincha on the western side of the mountain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Description
Both peaks are visible from the city of Quito and both are popular acclimatization climbs. Wawa Pichincha is usually accessed from the village of Lloa outside of Quito. Ruku is typically accessed from the TelefériQo on the western side of Quito.
In October 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of ash. Before that, the last major eruptions were in 1553<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in 1660, when about Template:Cvt of ash fell on the city.
The province in which it is located was named for the mountain. This is also the case for many of the other provinces in Ecuador (including Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, and Imbabura).
Geography
Dracula vampira, a type of orchid, can be found on the volcano, at an altitude of Template:Convert above sea level.<ref name=Jenny>Jenny, R. (1997) Dracula vampira. Caesiana, 8: center page.</ref><ref name=Luer>Luer, C.A. (1993) Systematics of Dracula. Missouri Botanical Gardens.</ref>
Eruptions
In 1660, Pichincha underwent a Plinian eruption,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> spreading ash over Template:Convert, with over Template:Convert of ash falling on Quito.<ref name=si>Template:Cite gvp</ref>
The most recent significant eruption began in August 1998.<ref name=si/> On March 12, 2000, a phreatic eruption killed two volcanologists who were working on the lava dome.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
The volcano was considered sacred to numerous cultures of the indigenous peoples who lived in this region for thousands of years before encounter with Spanish and other Europeans.
The first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha was in 1582 by a group of locals led by José Ortiguera.<ref name=hiking/>
In 1737 several members of the French Geodesic Mission to the equator, including Charles-Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer and Antonio de Ulloa, spent 23 days on the summit of Rucu Pichincha as part of their triangulation work to calculate the length of a degree of latitude.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On 17 June 1742, during the same mission, La Condamine and Bouguer made an ascent of Guagua Pichincha and looked down into the crater of the volcano, which had last erupted in 1660. La Condamine compared what he saw to the underworld.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the summer season of 1802, Alexander von Humboldt climbed and measured the altitude of this mountain and several other volcanoes in the region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Humboldt's writings inspired artist Frederic Edwin Church to visit and paint Pichincha and other Andean peaks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On May 24, 1822, General Sucre's southern campaign in the Spanish–American War of independence came to a climax when his forces defeated the Spanish colonial army on the southeast slopes of this volcano. The engagement, known as the Battle of Pichincha, secured the independence from Spain of the territories of present-day Ecuador.