Popcorn

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Popcorn (also called popped corn, popcorns, or pop-corn) is a variety of corn kernel which expands and puffs up when heated. The term also refers to the snack food produced by the expansion. It is one of the oldest snacks, with evidence of popcorn dating back thousands of years in the Americas.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Citation</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is commonly eaten salted, buttered, sweetened, or with artificial flavorings.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A popcorn kernel's strong hull contains the seed's hard, starchy shell endosperm with 14–20% moisture, which turns to steam as the kernel is heated. Pressure from the steam continues to build until the hull ruptures, allowing the kernel to forcefully expand, to 20 to 50 times its original size, and then cool.<ref name="ref5">Template:Cite web</ref>

Some strains of corn (taxonomized as Zea mays) are cultivated specifically as popping corns. The Zea mays variety everta, a special kind of flint corn, is the most common of these. Popcorn is one of six major types of corn, which includes dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, flour corn, and sweet corn.<ref>Linda Campbell Franklin, "Corn", in Andrew F. Smith (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 (pp. 551–558), p. 553.</ref><ref name=":3"/> Template:Toclimit

History

Template:Globalise Corn was domesticated about 9,000 years ago, in what is now the Balsas River Valley of Central Mexico.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2"/> Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for millennia. Fossil evidence from Peru suggests that corn was present there as early as 4,700 BCE, and popped there over 1,000 years ago.<ref name="usda">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="GrobmanBonavia2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> Between 2007 and 2011, evidence as early as 4,700 BCE for popping corn were discovered as macrofossil cobs at the Paredones and Huaca Prieta archaeological sites on the northern coast of Peru.<ref name="Gwr/1stPop">Template:Cite web</ref> Corn cultivation was present in Amazon Basin farming practices as evidenced by cultivation of corn in the Amazon basin 6,000 years ago <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1948 and 1950, evidence as early as 3600 BCE for popping corn as ears of popcorn were discovered by Harvard anthropology graduate student Herbert W. Dick<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Harvard botany graduate student Claude Earle Smith, Junior (1922–1987),<ref name="si/CES">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="thecrimson/Corn">Template:Cite news</ref> in a complex of rock shelters, dubbed the "Bat Cave", in Catron County,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> west-central New Mexico, and attributed to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, who maintained trade networks with peoples in tropical Mexico.<ref name="usda" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="votSW/catron">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Excessive citations inline

Through the 19th century, popping of the kernels was achieved by hand, on stove tops over flame. Kernels were sold on the East Coast of the United States under names such as Pearls or Nonpareil. The term popped corn first appeared in John Russell Bartlett's 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Popcorn is an ingredient in Cracker Jack and, in the early years of the product, it was popped by hand.<ref name=":1" />

Popcorn's accessibility increased rapidly in the 1890s with Charles Cretors' invention of the popcorn maker. Cretors, a Chicago candy store owner, had created a number of steam-powered machines for roasting nuts and applied the technology to the corn kernels.

By the turn of the century, Cretors had created and deployed street carts equipped with steam-powered popcorn makers.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Great Depression, popcorn was fairly inexpensive at 5–10 cents a bag and became popular. Thus, while other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers and entrepreneurs, including the Redenbacher family, namesake of the Orville Redenbacher's popcorn brand. During World War II, sugar rations diminished candy production, and Americans compensated by eating three times as much popcorn as they had before.<ref name="popcorn.org">Template:Cite web</ref> The snack was popular at theaters, much to the initial displeasure of many of the theater owners, who thought it distracted from the films. Their minds eventually changed, however, and in 1938 a Midwestern theater owner named Glen W. Dickinson Sr. installed popcorn machines in the lobbies of his Dickinson theaters. Popcorn was more profitable than theater tickets, and at the suggestion of his production consultant, R. Ray Aden, Dickinson purchased popcorn farms and was able to keep ticket prices down. The venture was a success, and popcorn soon spread.<ref name=":1" /> The rise of television in the 1940s brought lower popcorn consumption as theater attendance fell. The Popcorn Institute (a trade association of popcorn processors) promoted popcorn consumption at home, bringing it back to previous levels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1970, Orville Redenbacher's namesake brand of popcorn was launched. In 1981, General Mills received the first patent for a microwave oven popcorn bag; popcorn consumption saw an increase.<ref name=":0" />

At least six localities (all in the Midwestern United States) claim to be the "Popcorn Capital of the World;": Ridgway, Illinois; Valparaiso, Indiana; Van Buren, Indiana; Schaller, Iowa; Marion, Ohio; and North Loup, Nebraska. According to the USDA, specific corn for popcorn is grown mostly in Nebraska and Indiana, and increasingly in Texas.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As the result of an elementary school project, popcorn became the official state snack food of Illinois.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

Popping mechanism

Each kernel of popcorn contains moisture and oil. Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is strong and impervious to moisture, and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard type.<ref name="Lusas_388">Lusas & Rooney, p. 388.</ref>

As the oil and water in the kernel are heated, they turn into steam. Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes and softens. The steam pressure increases until the breaking point of the hull is reached; a pressure of approximately Template:Convert<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="Lusas_388" /> and a temperature of Template:Convert. The hull ruptures, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam. As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.<ref name="Lusas_388" />

Special varieties are grown to improve popping yield. Though the kernels of some other types will pop, the cultivated strain for popcorn is Zea mays everta, which is a variety of flint corn.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

White versus yellow popcorn

The main differences between white and yellow popcorn lie in their appearance, texture, flavor, and size:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Color and appearance: White popcorn pops into smaller, bright white, tender flakes, while yellow popcorn pops into larger, sturdier flakes with a golden or yellowish tint.
Texture: White popcorn has a thinner hull, making it more tender and softer, with fewer hulls stuck in your teeth. Yellow popcorn has a thicker hull, resulting in crunchier popcorn that holds up better to heavy toppings like caramel.
Flavor: White popcorn has a subtle, slightly sweet, and nuttier flavor, making it a milder base for delicate seasonings. Yellow popcorn has a richer, more robust corn flavor with nutty and buttery notes, often preferred for classic movie theater-style popcorn.
Size: Yellow kernels are larger and pop into bigger pieces, about 45 times their size, whereas white kernels are smaller and denser.
Nutritional value: Both types are very similar nutritionally, low in fat and calories, and good sources of fiber. White popcorn might have a slight edge in calories and fiber per serving, but the difference is minimal.

Cooking methods

Popcorn can be cooked with butter or oil. It can also be popped in the microwave, a hot dry pan or a hot air popper with no oil or butter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although small quantities can be popped in a stove-top kettle or pot in a home kitchen, commercial sale employs specially designed popcorn machines, which were invented in Chicago, Illinois, by Charles Cretors in 1885. Cretors introduced his invention at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. At that fair, F. W. Rueckheim introduced a molasses-flavored "Candied Popcorn", the first caramel corn; his brother, Louis Ruekheim, slightly altered the recipe and introduced it as Cracker Jack in 1896.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cretors's invention was the first patented steam-driven machine that popped corn in oil. Previously, vendors popped corn by holding a wire basket over an open flame. At best, the result was hot, dry, and unevenly cooked. Cretors's machine popped corn in a mixture of one-third clarified butter, two-thirds lard, and salt. This mixture can withstand the Template:Convert temperature needed to pop corn and produces little smoke. A fire under a boiler created steam that drove a small engine to drive gears, shaft, and the agitator that stirred the corn, and also powered a small puppet, "The Toasty Roasty Man", an attention-getting amusement to attract business. A wire connected to the top of the cooking pan allowed the operator to disengage the drive mechanism, lift the cover, and dump popped corn into the storage bin beneath. Exhaust from the steam engine was piped to a pan below the corn storage bin and kept freshly popped corn warm. Excess steam was also used to operate a small, shrill whistle to attract attention.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A different method of popcorn-making involves the "popcorn hammer", a large cast-iron canister that is sealed with a heavy lid and slowly turned over a fire in rotisserie fashion.

Expansion and yield

Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated. If heated too quickly, the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize, leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers. Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels: the tip of the kernel, where it attached to the cob, is not entirely moisture-proof, and when heated slowly, the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop.<ref name="Lusas_388_389">Lusas & Rooney, pp. 388–389.</ref>

Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn: what percentage of the kernels will pop, and how much each popped kernel expands. Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor. For the consumer, larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality. For the grower, distributor and vendor, expansion is closely correlated with profit: vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume. For these reasons, higher-expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well; its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn. Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored. For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most. This differs by variety and conditions, but is generally in the range of 14–15% moisture by weight. If the kernels are over-dried, the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop will decline. Old popcorn tends to dry out, lowering the yield.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain. Known in the popcorn industry as "old maids",<ref name="OldMaids">Template:Cite web</ref> these kernels fail to pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion. Re-hydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels.Template:Citation needed

Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels, the color of the kernels, or the shape of the popped corn. While the kernels may come in a variety of colors, the popped corn is always off-yellow or white as it is only the hull (or pericarp) that is colored. "Rice" type popcorn have a long kernel pointed at both ends; "pearl" type kernels are rounded at the top. Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types.<ref name="Hallauer_213">Hallauer, p. 213.</ref> Historically, pearl popcorn were usually yellow and rice popcorn usually white. Today both shapes are available in both colors, as well as others including black, red, mauve, purple, and variegated. Mauve and purple popcorn usually have smaller and nutty kernels. Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow.<ref name="Hallauer_214">Hallauer, p. 214.</ref>

Terminology

In the popcorn industry, a popped kernel of corn is known as a "flake". Two shapes of flakes are commercially important. "Butterfly" (or "snowflake")<ref>Cobb, Vicki. Junk Food. Minneapolis: Millbrook, 2006. 11. Print.</ref> flakes are irregular in shape and have a number of protruding "wings". "Mushroom" flakes are largely ball-shaped, with few wings. Butterfly flakes are regarded as having better mouthfeel, with greater tenderness and less noticeable hulls. Mushroom flakes are less fragile than butterfly flakes and are therefore often used for packaged popcorn or confectionery, such as caramel corn.<ref name="Hallauer_214" /> The kernels from a single cob of popcorn may form both butterfly and mushroom flakes; hybrids that produce 100% butterfly flakes or 100% mushroom flakes exist, the latter developed only as recently as 1998.<ref name="Hallauer_214" />

Consumption

Popcorn is a popular snack food at sporting events and in movie theaters, where it has been served since the 1930s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cinemas have come under fire due to their high markup on popcorn; Stuart Hanson, a film historian at De Montfort University in Leicester, once said, "One of the great jokes in the industry is that popcorn is second only to cocaine or heroin in terms of profit."<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cbignore</ref>

Traditions differ as to whether popcorn is consumed as a hearty snack food with salt (predominating in the United States) or as a sweet snack food with caramelized sugar (predominating in Germany).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Popcorn customs around savory, salty, and sweet flavors vary by region and demographic, but in the U.S., preferences are diverse and evolving:

Salty/savory: The majority of Americans prefer salty or savory popcorn, with butter and salted varieties being the most popular—accounting for about 47% of sales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other top savory flavors include white cheddar, parmesan, garlic salt, and various cheese options. Sea salt and olive oil are also gaining traction, especially among health-conscious consumers.
Sweet: Sweet popcorn, such as caramel corn and kettle corn, is also widely enjoyed. Caramel is consistently ranked among the top flavors, and sweet options like white chocolate, chocolate, and seasonal varieties (e.g., pumpkin spice, peppermint) are growing in popularity.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> About 41% of Americans say they like their popcorn sweet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Flavor innovation: There is a trend toward unique and globally inspired flavors, including truffle, chili, Mediterranean herbs, lime, and matcha, reflecting consumers' curiosity and willingness to try new tastes, especially among younger generations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Plain: A smaller but notable segment (about 21%) prefers plain popcorn, often for health reasons or as a base for custom seasoning.Template:Cn

Popcorn smell has an unusually attractive quality for human beings. This is largely because it contains high levels of the chemicals 6-acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, very powerful aroma compounds that are also used by food and other industries either to make products that smell like popcorn, bread, or other foods containing the compound in nature, or for other purposes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Popcorn as a breakfast cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s and generally consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener.<ref>Smith, Andrew F. (1999). Popped Culture: The Social History of Popcorn in America. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 57–59. Template:ISBN</ref>

Popcorn balls (popped kernels stuck together with a sugary "glue") were hugely popular around the turn of the 20th century, but their popularity has since waned. Popcorn balls are still served in some places as a traditional Halloween treat.<ref>Smith (1999), pp. 59-62.</ref>

Cracker Jack is a popular, commercially produced candy that consists of peanuts mixed in with caramel-covered popcorn.<ref>Smith (1999), pp. 87.</ref> Kettle corn is a variation of normal popcorn, cooked with white sugar and salt, traditionally in a large copper kettle. Once reserved for specialty shops and county fairs, kettle corn has recently become popular, especially in the microwave popcorn market. The popcorn maker is a relatively new home appliance, and its popularity is increasing because it offers the opportunity to add flavors of the consumer's own choice and to choose healthy-eating popcorn styles.

Popped sorghum is popular as a snack in India. The popped sorghum is similar to popcorn, but the puffs are smaller. Recipes for popping sorghum by microwave, in a pot, etc., are readily available online.

Nutritional value

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Air-popped popcorn (no salt or other additives) is 4% water, 78% carbohydrates (including 15% dietary fiber), 12% protein, and 4% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, popcorn provides 382 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of riboflavin (25% DV) and several dietary minerals, particularly manganese, phosphorus, and zinc (36–45% DV). B vitamins and other minerals are in appreciable amounts (table).

Saturated fat

Movie theaters commonly use coconut oil to pop the corn, and then top it with butter or margarine.<ref name=theater>Template:Cite web</ref> Movie theater popcorn contains large amounts of saturated fats and sodium due to its method of preparation.<ref name=theater/>

Phytochemicals

Sorghum grains can be popped to form popcorn. All sorghums contain phenolic acids, and most contain flavonoids.<ref name="JCS">Template:Cite journal</ref> Sorghum grains are one of the highest food sources of the flavonoid proanthocyanidin.<ref name="pmid30614249">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Health risks

Popcorn is included on the list of foods that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends not serving to children under four, because of the risk of choking.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Microwaveable popcorn represents a special case, since it is designed to be cooked along with its various flavoring agents. One of these formerly common artificial-butter flavorants, diacetyl, has been implicated in causing respiratory illnesses in microwave popcorn factory workers, also known as "popcorn lung". Major manufacturers in the United States have stopped using this chemical, including Orville Redenbacher's, Act II, Pop Secret and Jolly Time.<ref>Geis, Sonya. "Flavoring Suspected in Illness: Calif. Considers Banning Chemical Used in Microwave Popcorn." The Washington Post, 7 May 2007</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other uses

Popcorn, threaded onto a string, is used as a wall or Christmas tree decoration in some parts of North America,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as on the Balkan peninsula.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some shipping companies have experimented with using popcorn as a biodegradable replacement for expanded polystyrene packing material. However, popcorn has numerous undesirable properties as a packing material, including attractiveness to pests, flammability, and a higher cost and greater density than expanded polystyrene. A more processed form of expanded corn foam has been developed to overcome some of these limitations, forming starch-based foam peanuts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

References

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Popcorn

Contents

History

Popping mechanism

White versus yellow popcorn