Popemobile
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The popemobile (Latin: papacinetum or papocinetum; Italian: papamobile) is a specially designed motor vehicle used by the pope for public appearances.<ref name="PeekInside"/> It is the successor to the sedia gestatoria (portable throne) and is designed to make the pope more visible when greeting large crowds.
There have been many different designs for popemobiles. Some are open-air, while others have bulletproof glass walls to enclose the pope, deemed necessary following the 1981 assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II. Some allow the pope to sit, while others are designed to accommodate him standing. The Roman Curia selects an appropriate popemobile for each usage depending upon the level of security needed, distance and speed of travel, and the pope's preferences.
Mercedes-Benz has been the most frequent provider of papal vehicles since it provided the Vatican with its first popemobile in 1930.<ref name=mercedesmostfrequentvatican>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name=historyofandelectricpopemobile>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Vatican acquired its first electric popemobile in December 2024, and has said that it plans to make all popemobiles electric by 2030.<ref name=historyofandelectricpopemobile />
The vehicle registration plates of Vatican City all begin with the letters "SCV", an abbreviation of the Latin Template:Lang ("Vatican City State"), followed by the vehicle fleet number. The registration plate for the Ford Focus used by Pope Francis was "SCV 00919".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the past, the popemobile has typically used registration plate "SCV 1", although plates numbered "SCV 2" to "SCV 9" have also been used.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
For public appearances, before the invention of the popemobile concept, the Pope used the sedia gestatoria, a chair carried on the shoulders of papal attendants. This fell out of use after the death of Pope Paul VI in 1978. Pope John Paul I, who succeeded Pope Paul VI and reigned for only 33 days before his death, was the last Pope who used the sedia gestatoria.<ref name="John Paul I">Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:CbignoreTemplate:Dead Youtube links</ref>
Papal carriages were adorned with red velvet upholstery and gilded engravings and trimmings. Several were used in the 1800s, many of which have been restored and are on display at the Carriage Pavilion exhibit of the Vatican Museums.<ref name="illustrated">Template:Cite news</ref>
An inventory from the papal stables in 1841 shows the carriages were pulled by horses with names such as Bandito (Bandit), Pomposino (Pompous), Bufalino (Buffalo) and Capitano (Captain).<ref name="illustrated" />
On 10 November 1929, the Vatican would get its first automobile when the Graham brothers who led the Detroit based Graham Paige Motors Corporation donated a Graham Paige 837 limousine, which Pope Pius XI would use to travel to the Basilica of St. John Lateran on 22 December 1929.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the Nurburg 460 Pullman which was given to Pope Pius XI in 1930 by German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz is considered to have been to first "official" popemobile.<ref name=mercedesmostfrequentvatican />
The term "popemobile" was first used in English-language media to refer to a custom-built Lincoln Continental used by Pope Paul VI during a pastoral visit to New York City in 1965. After the visit, the car was sold to Fort Dodge, Iowa eye doctor Eric Swanson, who promoted it as the "Pope-Mobile" and loaned it for other uses, including ticker-tape parades for the Apollo astronauts.<ref>"Gordon Gammack", Des Moines Register, August 10, 1969, page 1-T.</ref><ref>"The Popemobile - and conveyance of other notables", Arizona Republic, June 17, 1973, Arizona Sunday magazine, pages 48, 50, 51, 52, 53.</ref>
Usage by John Paul II
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The first time that John Paul II traveled to his home country in 1979, he was transported in the white vehicle based on the Polish Star 660 truck from a firm FSC Star. For John Paul II's visit to Ireland in 1979, Ford Ireland donated a D series truck which was adapted by OBAM coachbuilders; in 2017 it was available for private rental in Dublin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was bigger than the truck used later in Vatican City. Another popemobile was a modified Mercedes-Benz with a small windowed enclosure in the back where the Pope sits. A converted 230 G Mercedes-Benz G-Class was built for John Paul II's visit to Germany in 1980.<ref>Mercedes-Benz Museum – section C4 Gallery of Celebrities – 1980 230 G Popemobile</ref>
Following the attempted assassination of John Paul II in 1981, the popemobile was fitted with bulletproof glass. British Leyland supplied both Leyland T45 lorry-based and Range Rover SUV-based armored popemobiles in 1982 for the pope's visit to the United Kingdom. One of the two T45-based vehicles used was sold at auction in 2006 for £37,000, the other is kept in the British Commercial Vehicle Museum in Leyland, UK.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One of the Range Rovers is exhibited at the National Museum of Funeral History in Houston, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Pope used a popemobile derived from the SEAT Panda model during his visit to Spain in 1982; this specific car was open-air with a grab handle in front so that the Pope could stand still and greet the crowds while moving.<ref>The Evolution Of The Popemobile Jalopnik, September 26, 2008</ref> The Pope entered the Camp Nou football stadium in Barcelona,<ref>Where JFK meets the Queen and Khrushchev Audi USA News, March 4, 2008</ref> driving through the assembled crowds celebrating Mass for a congregation of over 121,000 on 17 November 1982.
During the Pope's visit to Canada in 1984, a modified GMC Sierra was used as a base, rebuilt by the Thibault Fire Engines Company in Pierreville, Quebec. It was subsequently used for the 1998 papal visit to Cuba and was displayed at the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa in 2005. The second truck built by the Thibault Fire Engines Company<ref>'Popemobile' Plush, Impervious Thibault Fire Engines</ref> was sent back to the Vatican in 1984.<ref>Canadian Popemobile going on display CBC News, April 7, 2005</ref>
During the papal visit to the United States in September 1987, a pair of Mercedes-Benz 230 G popemobiles were flown to Washington, D.C., and modified by the United States Secret Service to provide access to the papal compartment from the driver's cabin, a design that continued to be used after the trip.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> One of these vehicles has been retired and is currently on display at the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany.
In 2002, John Paul II requested that the media stop referring to the car as the "popemobile", saying that the term was "undignified".<ref name="PeekInside">Template:Cite news</ref>
Usage by Benedict XVI
The popemobile most often used by Pope Benedict XVI when traveling abroad was a modified Mercedes-Benz M-Class sport utility vehicle with a special glass-enclosed room that had its own oxygen supply built into the back of the vehicle. The Pope enters through a rear door and ascends several steps. He then sits in a chair made from white leather with gold trim which is then elevated into the glass room by a hydraulic lift, allowing the Pope to be more easily seen. In addition to the driver, there is room for one passenger (usually a security agent) in the front of the vehicle. The glass-enclosed rear of the vehicle also has room for two papal aides, who can sit in the area in front of the Pope's elevated chair. The vehicle includes bulletproof glass windows and skylights and is made from reinforced armour plating, security features designed to withstand explosives under or around it. At 2011 prices, the popemobile cost approximately £345,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On June 6, 2007, a German man tried to jump into Benedict XVI's uncovered popemobile as the pontiff began his general audience. The Pope was not hurt and did not even appear to notice that the man had jumped over the protective barrier in the square and had grabbed onto the white Fiat popemobile as it passed. At least eight security officers trailed the vehicle as it moved slowly through the square. They subsequently grabbed the man and wrestled him to the ground, before he was interrogated by Vatican police.<ref>Man tries to breach Benedict XVI security The Times of India, 6 June 2007</ref>
Usage by Francis
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Pope Francis showed a preference for a simpler lifestyle and simpler cars. As a cardinal, he often used public transport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On the night of his election, he rode with the other cardinals in a minibus back to their hotel instead of using a papal limousine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For trips within the Vatican City, he used a small Ford Focus from the Vatican motor pool. He also drove himself around the city in a 1984 Renault 4 presented to him by Italian Father Renzo Zocca.<ref>"Pope Francis to drive his own popemobile inside Vatican City"</ref>
A Kia Soul was used as the popemobile in August 2014 when he visited South Korea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Italian automaker Fiat, the traditional supplier of papal cars, supplied Pope Francis with the Fiat 500L used for his visit to the United States on 22–27 September 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fiat also supplied the Jeep Wrangler he used in Ecuador in July 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During his visit in the Philippines, Francis used a converted jeepney, a type of public-utility vehicle used in the country. In addition he also used an Isuzu D-Max.<ref name="illustrated" /> In 2019, Francis received a Dacia Duster to be used as the popemobile during his visit to Romania.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For his 2024 visit in Indonesia, the popemobile used was based on the Pindad Maung MV3 Tangguh.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He used a Hyundai Ioniq 5 during his visit to Singapore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In December 2024, Francis received the Vatican's first-ever all-electric popemobile, an all-electric Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During his funeral in April 2025, a Ram 1500-based popemobile was used to transport Francis' coffin to his burial place, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.<ref> Template:Cite news</ref> This was the first time a popemobile had been employed as a hearse.Template:Citation needed
In May 2025, it was reported that Francis, as part of his final wishes, requested that one of his popemobiles be turned into a health clinic for the children of Gaza, and had entrusted Caritas Jerusalem with the task. The popemobile was outfitted with diagnostic, examination, and treatment equipment, including rapid testing for infections, vaccines, and other life-saving supplies to reach children in the most isolated corners of the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 2025, Caritas Jerusalem reported that the Israeli government had prevented the vehicle from entering the Gaza Strip.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Usage by Leo XIV
Before his papal inauguration on 18 May 2025, Pope Leo XIV rode a popemobile (open-topped) for the first time, greeting and blessing crowds gathered around St. Peter's Square and the Via della Conciliazione.
See also
References
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