Port Alexander, Alaska
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Port Alexander (Lingít: Shee Yat’aḵ.aan<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref>) is a city and harbor at the southeastern corner of Baranof Island, Alaska. As of the 2020 census the population was 78, up from 52 in 2010. In the early part of the twentieth century it was one of the most important fishing ports in Alaska, supporting hundreds of small trolling boats. By one estimate, these boats caught in excess of 5 million pounds of salmon per year in the 1920's.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History
Before the fishing boom (Pre-1913)
There is no written record of a permanent Tlingit settlement at Port Alexander. One translation of its Tlingit name, Haa Léelk'w Hás Aaní Saax'ú, is "Village beside Shee [Baranof Island]"<ref name=":6" /> which hints that it was some sort of dwelling place. The fact that there were native structures there in 1794 suggests that the Tlingit used the area in the pre-contact era in some capacity, perhaps as a summer fish camp.<ref name=":4" />
George Vancouver anchored HMS Discovery and HMS Chatham in or near Ship Cove, a small bay on the southeast shore of Port Conclusion, on August 1, 1794. He sent two survey parties to explore northward in open boats while repairs were made on his ships. Ship Cove is only 1/4 mile from the inner harbor, also known as the back lagoon, of Port Alexander across a narrow neck of land. He wrote that "some of our gentlemen, who had made some excursions about the neighborhood" described reaching the site of Port Alexander. Vancouver made it clear that he did not see the site himself.<ref name=":3" /> He wrote:
The head of this cove [Ship Cove] approaches within the fourth of a mile of the head of another cove [Port Alexander], whose entrance on the outside [Chatham Strait] is about 2 miles to the south of the south point of this harbor [Port Conclusion]. In the entrance of that cove [Port Alexander] the depth is 7 fathoms, weeds were seen growing across it, and to the north of it is a small inlet with some rocks. The surrounding shores are generally steep and rocky, and were covered with wood nearly to the water's edge, but on the sides of the adjacent hills were some spots clear of trees, and chiefly occupied by a damp moist moorish soil, in which were several pools of water. The surface produced some berry bushes, but the fruit at this season of the year was not ripe....In the above cove [Port Alexander] on the west side were found a few deserted Indian habitations, which were the only ones that had been met with."<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>
Vancouver's 1798 chart of southern Baranof Island shows the outline of Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Tebenkov was the director of the Russian-American Company and governor of Russian America from 1845 to 1850. He was an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy and an expert surveyor and hydrographer. He produced one of the first detailed charts of Baranof Island.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He is credited by one source with naming Port Alexander, speculating that he commemorated Alexander Baranof, the first governor of Russian Alaska.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Tebenkov's 1849 map shows the outline of Port Alexander, but does not label it as such.
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Port Alexander was visited occasionally by yachts, commercial vessels, and fishing boats in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1895 the 240-foot yacht Eleanor, owned by William A. Slater, stopped during an Alaskan cruise.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 1898 Moran Brothers assembled a fleet of twelve paddlewheel steamers in Puget Sound. They sailed for St. Michael Alaska, to serve the Klondike gold rush trade on the Yukon River.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The ships encountered a storm in which nine ships were reported damaged. The fleet put in to Port Alexander to make repairs on June 7 and sailed out on June 9, 1898.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 1902 the tug Pilot and her tow anchored at Port Alexander to wait out a storm.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During another storm in October 1905, the 223-foot steamship Santa Clara also used Port Alexander for refuge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Notwithstanding this history, the 1901 U.S. Coast Pilot reported that Port Alexander could "only be used by very small vessels and has an uninviting appearance."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Fishing boom (1913-1941)
Fishermen found Port Alexander advantageous. Salmon schooled in the ocean waters near Cape Ommaney prior to returning to their natal streams to spawn. At some times, this allowed for better fishing than in inside waters. The Bureau of Fisheries reported that 1913 was the first year of large scale fishing at Port Alexander.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> One estimate of the fishing fleet that year was 300 power boats, and 400 hand-trolling boats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1924, one official estimated that fishermen at Port Alexander would receive about $400,000 Template:USDCY for their catch that summer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1925 the fleet was between 500 and 600 gas-powered boats.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The hundreds of boats brought more hundreds of fisherman to Port Alexander. The U.S. Forest Service estimated that the summer population was between 1,000 and 1,200.<ref name=":2" /> The fishermen needed food, fuel, and supplies whenever they were in town. When the fishing was good, they had money in their pockets to spend in bars, pool halls, and brothels. During Prohibition there were illegal stills in the back lagoon, and alcohol was smuggled in from Prince Rupert, British Columbia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":4" /> In July 1923, four men were arrested for violations of the Alaskan Bone Dry Law, and 1,500 bottles of beer were seized at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 1929 raid by Federal officers arrested seven men for prohibition violations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With the end of prohibition, legal bars opened in town.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A dance hall and "beer parlor" was built in 1935.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
While much of the activity at Port Alexander was seasonal,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a permanent community grew up around the needs of the fishing fleet. There were several bakeries, one as early as 1916.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A U. S. post office was opened in 1926.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1928, the town included a church, six general stores, six restaurants, three bakeries, a butcher shop, two barber shops, and three pool rooms.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> A Petersburg dairy shipped 90 gallons of milk to Port Alexander on every mail boat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Both Standard Oil and Union Oil ran fuel depots.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Elections were held.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dances were organized and movies were shown.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Harborview Hotel welcomed visitors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 1928, the Commerce Department granted Karl Hansen a license for a wireless telegraphy station, which connected Port Alexander to the outside for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Many of the fishermen in Port Alexander, such as Karl Hansen, were immigrants from Norway. In 1927 the Norwegian Federation of Young People's Societies received a special use permit to build a seaman's home for fishermen in need. In June 1927, two Lutheran priests were dispatched from Minnesota to oversee the construction of the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The mission in Port Alexander, operated under the name "Fredheim" (which translates from Norwegian roughly as "peace home") was still being supported by the organization in 1955.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A foot trail between the back lagoon and Ship Cove was built by the U.S. Forest Service in 1925 and improved by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1938.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While Vancouver's report makes no mention of how his "gentlemen" came to know that Ship Cove was a quarter-mile from the Back Lagoon, the fact that they did know this distance suggests that they may have traversed a similar path. This trail benefited from significant maintenance in 1949<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and periodically through the decades. It is still in use today.
In response to the large fishing fleet, the U.S. Lighthouse Service erected a fixed white light on a post at the southern entrance to Port Alexander on May 31, 1920.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was upgraded to a flashing light in 1922.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On July 3, 1930, Congress authorized<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> funding for the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge a channel Template:Convert wide to a depth of Template:Convert below mean lower low water from Chatham Strait into Port Alexander, and an inner channel Template:Convert wide to a depth of Template:Convert below mean lower low water into the back lagoon. The contract for the dredging was awarded to Keeney and Semple of Juneau who bid $18,900 for the job.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The work was completed in 1931 by the Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company's dredge Everett.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 1945 authorization to deepen the inner channel was cancelled due to the reduction in use of the harbor associated with reduced fishing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Seafood processing in Port Alexander
There was no refrigeration on the small fishing boats at Port Alexander, so when trollers returned to port they needed to sell their catch before it spoiled. Some of the fish were bought to be taken to canneries and salteries elsewhere. This practice lasted for a century. The Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Company had a floating buying station at Port Alexander in 1913 which transported salmon to the company's plant at Wrangell.<ref name=":1" /> The New England Fish Company bought salmon in the harbor in 1930.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 1938 the Union Trading and Packing Company's tender Magnolia landed Template:Convert of Port Alexander salmon at Petersburg for processing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As late as 1996, Sitka Sound Seafoods maintained a floating buying station at Port Alexander aboard the Alaska Queen.<ref name=":4" /> Between 2000 and 2010 the number of fish buyers in Port Alexander varied between one and three.<ref name=":11" />
Some of the fish caught by the trolling fleet were processed in small plants at Port Alexander. Martin B. Dahl was a pioneer. He began mild curing salmon on a floating plant in the harbor in 1913.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref> In late 1915 Dahl organized a new company to carry on his business. He became general manager of the Northland Trading & Packing Company.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His new company built a shore station to process fish in 1916.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He sold Northland Trading & Packing to Southern Alaska Canning Company in 1918,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> but continued his fishing business at Port Alexander in 1919 as M. B. Dahl & Co.
Karl Hansen took up where Dahl stopped. He ran the Pacific Mild Cure Company's floating processor Volante at Little Port Walter,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in 1920 moved to Port Alexander and started his own operation based on his boat Leif II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He operated a mild curing plant at Port Alexander until 1943, starting afloat and moving to a shore station in 1923.<ref name=":4" /> He also owned a general store at Port Alexander selling supplies to residents and fishermen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Conflicts over pricing between fishermen and buyers at Port Alexander were frequent. For example, in July 1919, fisherman refused to sell to Pacific Mild Cure Company for two weeks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response, Alaska Union Fisheries, Inc., was incorporated in 1919 by the Alaska Labor Union to create a cooperative for fishermen that would buy and process their fish.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1920 it used the barge Vashon II to mild cure salmon at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Trollers at Port Alexander struck for three weeks in 1927, costing an estimated $200,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 1928 the fishermen at Port Alexander, led by the Alaska Trollers Association, went on strike again for higher prices.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Buyers had dropped the price they paid for king salmon from 18 cents a pound for large fish, 8 cents a pound for small fish, and 5 cents a pound for white king salmon, to 15, 8, and 5 cents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The strike lasted seven weeks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The fishermen struck again in 1931 over a drop in prices,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Karl Hansen one of the few buyers in Southeast Alaska who held his prices steady.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A troller strike in 1933 was also settled with Hansen agreeing prices with the Trollers Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Most of Port Alexander's catch was processed in Alaska and shipped south to Vancouver and Seattle, from whence it was distributed globally. When the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway reached Prince Rupert in 1914, fishermen and processors had an alternate route to bring their fish to market.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rather than striking for higher fish prices, some fishermen dealt with low prices in Alaska by selling their fish at Prince Rupert. In some years this drove price competition between the two markets.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| Mild cure salmon
(tierces) |
Pickled herring
(barrels) |
Salted salmon
(barrels) |
Company | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913<ref name=":7" /> | yes | M. B. Dahl | |||
| 1916<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | yes | Northland Trading & Packing | Run by M. B. Dahl | ||
| 1917<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | yes | Northland Trading & Packing | Run by M. B. Dahl | ||
| 1917<ref name=":4" /> | yes | Pacific Mild Cure Co. | |||
| 1918<ref name=":0" /> | 620 | M. B. Dahl & Co. | |||
| 1918<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | 306 | Pacific Mildcure Co. | |||
| 1919<ref name=":0" /> | 300 | M. B. Dahl & Co. | |||
| 1919<ref name=":0" /> | 65 | Patton & Hibbs | Sold the floating curing scow in 1921<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| 1920<ref name=":4" /> | 341 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1920<ref name=":4" /> | yes | Alaska Union Fisheries, Inc. | |||
| 1921<ref name=":4" /> | 512 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1921<ref name=":0" /> | 647 | 127 | Alaska Union Fisheries, Inc. | ||
| 1922<ref name=":4" /> | 380 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1922<ref name=":0" /> | 358 | Alaska Union Fisheries, Inc. | |||
| 1923<ref name=":4" /> | 576 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1924<ref name=":4" /> | 912 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1925<ref name=":4" /> | 602 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1926<ref name=":4" /> | 631 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1926<ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Yes | Union Trading & Packing Co. | |||
| 1927<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 990 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1928<ref name=":4" /> | Yes | Baranof Mild Cure Co. | Floating processor B. M. Co. No.1<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| 1928<ref name=":4" /> | 549 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1929<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Yes | Baranof Mild Cure Co. | Floating processor B. M. Co. No. 1 | ||
| 1930<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Yes | Baranof Mild Cure Co. | Last year at Port Alexander | ||
| 1941<ref name=":4" /> | 408 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1942<ref name=":4" /> | 356 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1943<ref name=":4" /> | 43 | Karl Hansen | |||
| 1944<ref name=":4" /> | 59 | Karl Hansen | Last year at Port Alexander |
Lean years 1942Template:En dash1970
Fish stocks in the area began declining in 1938.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite book</ref> No definitive cause was determined for the decline, but speculation focused on overfishing, both of salmon and the herring they fed on.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> Port Alexander's mild cure salmon had a significant market in Germany which disappeared at the advent of World War II.<ref name=":8" /> The war pulled many of the men who might have been fishing into the armed services or to civilian construction projects. Taken together, these issues caused the local economy to contract. Karl Hansen's former general store burned in August 1949.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1955, Port Alexander was referred to as a "ghost settlement."<ref name=":5" /> The school closed and Dick Gorr's store was the only business in town by 1971.<ref name=":10">Template:Cite news</ref>
The town also suffered from some unusually heavy storms during this period. In November 1948 a storm washed away one on the Union Oil docks, the meat market, Template:Convert of sidewalk, and Template:Convert of seawall, among other damage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1958 the Territorial Department of Aviation funded a seaplane float and ramp at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1962 a new public float was built by the State of Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Regrowth 1970Template:En dashpresent
In 1971, the Bureau of Land Management, which owned the Federal property within the townsite, sold its entire portfolio of 44 building lots at auction, some at above their appraised value.<ref name=":10" />
Dick Gorr began building a cold storage facility at Port Alexander as early as 1970, with a potable water pipeline to make ice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1978 Pelican Cold Storage Company, doing business as Port Alexander Cold Storage Company, assumed the management of R. H. Gorr Fish Buying and Supply at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The business bought fish and supplied the fishing fleet with groceries<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and other needs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1983 the business was closed and offered for sale.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pelican Cold Storage still owned the buildings when they burned on January 21, 1990. Telephone service in the town provided by Alascom and Telephone Utilities of the Northland was knocked out for several days when equipment in one of the buildings melted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1986 the Sitka Summer Music Festival presented a concert at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
KCAW, a non-commercial radio station in Sitka, began rebroadcasting its programming on a translator station in Port Alexander on November 1, 1990.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It rebroadcasts its programming on K220CH, operating on 91.9 MHz.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A town water system supplies potable water from a Template:Convert tank installed in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In July 1976, Alaska Governor Jay Hammond signed an agreement with RCA Alaska Communications to install fifty earth stations in remote communities funded with a $5 million subsidy from the State. One of these was a 15-foot dish at Port Alexander which brought the town two telephone circuits interconnected to the rest of the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1982 Sitka Telephone Company sought permission to establish a local phone company in Port Alexander, which it did.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pacific Telecom, Inc. bought Sitka Telephone Company and another local exchange carrier in 1984 and renamed the merged companies Telephone Utilities of the Northland, Inc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 1997 Pacific Telecom sold all of its telecommunications operations to Century Telephone Enterprises, Inc. In August 1998, Century announced the sale of the Alaskan operations it had acquired from Pacific Telecom to a private-equity-backed group which ultimately became a public company named Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2000 Telephone Utilities of the Northland, Inc. changed its name to ACS of the Northland, Inc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July of 2021, Alaska Communications Systems Group, was sold to ATN International Inc. and a group of private investors,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and its stock was delisted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under this new ownership group, landline telecommunications service in Port Alexander is offered under the brand Alaska Communications Systems.
In 1995 the Port Alexander Historical Society was formed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1997 the Society was awarded ownership of the Cape Decision Lighthouse,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which became the basis of a separate non-profit corporation to preserve this historic structure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010 the Society opened the Port Alexander Museum to preserve and highlight the history of Port Alexander. The museum building itself is a historic object, as it was once the home of Karl Hansen who played such a prominent role in the community in its early days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2023 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Climate
Port Alexander has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with temperatures ranging from cold to mild depending on the season. Precipitation is very heavy for most of the year, with a relative lull during the spring and early summer. Some of the precipitation falls as snow during the winter months.
Demographics
Template:US Census population Port Alexander first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It is currently part of the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of the census<ref name="GR2">Template:Cite web</ref> of 2000, there were 81 people, 34 households, and 19 families residing in the city. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 79 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the city was 83.95% White, 4.94% Native American, and 11.11% from two or more races. 4.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 34 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, and 41.2% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.30.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 30.9% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 2.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,563, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $41,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,767. There were 25.0% of families and 22.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.5% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
Government
On February 16, 1909, Theodore Roosevelt added most of Baranof Island, including Port Alexander, to the Tongass National Forest by presidential proclamation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The U.S. Forest Service administered the land through a series of special use permits. The first special use permit issued for Port Alexander was to M. B. Dahl's Northland Trading and Packing Company for its shore station in 1916.<ref name=":4" /> As the community boomed in the late 1920's, President Calvin Coolidge issued Executive Order 4842 on March 22, 1928 to exclude from Tongass National Forest two tracts across the cove from each other, one of 63.47 acres, and the other of 23.13 acres, for the townsite of Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This allowed residents to obtain title to their land rather than renting under a special use permit from the Forest Service.<ref name=":2" /> Lots in the new townsite were awarded to current residents, with the remainder sold at auction in 1938.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Port Alexander's citizens voted to incorporate as a city on May 5, 1938.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The town became a part of the Greater Sitka Borough in 1963, following the state legislature's passage of the Mandatory Borough Act. The original municipality was dissolved when it unified with Sitka's city and borough governments in 1971, which formed the present-day entity known as the City and Borough of Sitka.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, residents desired to govern themselves and successfully sought to detach themselves from the new municipality. Port Alexander reincorporated as a second class city in 1974.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The current city of Port Alexander occupies all land on Baranof Island and its surrounding islets which lies south of 56.27°N and east of 134.6666°W, a total of Template:Convert. Additionally, it administers Template:Convert of water, resulting in a total area of Template:Convert.
In 1929 the territorial government established a public school at Port Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was closed in 1930 for lack of enrollment,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and reopened in 1931.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A one-room school building with teachers quarters was built at Port Alexander in 1934.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Twenty students enrolled in 1938.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The current Port Alexander School is operated by Southeast Island School District.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>