Prasada
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Prasāda (Template:IPA, Sanskrit: प्रसाद), prasad or prasadam is a religious offering in Hinduism. Most often Prasada is vegetarian food especially cooked for devotees after praise and thanksgiving to a god. Mahaprasada (also called bhandarā),<ref name=maha5>Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech, 2014, The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</ref> is the consecrated food offered to the deity in a Hindu temple which is then distributed and partaken by all the devotees regardless of any orientation.<ref name=maha3>Chitrita Banerji, 2010, Eating India: Exploring the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices.</ref><ref name=maha1>Subhakanta Behera, 2002, Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath lovers (1866–1936), pp. 140–177.</ref><ref name=maha2>Susan Pattinson, 2011, The Final Journey: Complete Hospice Care for the Departing Vaishnavas, pp. 220.</ref>
Prasada is closely linked to the term naivedya, also spelt naivedhya, naibedya or naived(h)yam. The food offered to the deity is called naivedya, while the sacred food sanctified and returned by the deity as a blessing is called prasada.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Citation needed
In Sikhism, the tradition takes the form of Karah Parshad.
Etymology
Prasāda is derived from the verb prasād which consists of the verb सद् (sad - to sit, dwell) which is prefixed with प्र (pra - before, afore, in front) and used as finite verb प्रसीदति (prasīdati - dwells, presides, pleases or favours etc.).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It denotes anything, typically food, that is first offered to a deity or saint and then distributed in His or Her name to their followers or others as a good sign.<ref name=baba1>Natu, Bal, Glimpses of the God-Man, Meher Baba, Sheriar Press, 1987</ref>
'Prasāda' is sometimes translated as gift or grace.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The term connotes clarity, joy, and serenity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Practices
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The prasada is to be consumed by attendees as a holy offering. The offerings may include cooked food, fruits and confectionery sweets. Vegetarian food is usually offered and later distributed to the devotees who are present in the temple. Sometimes this vegetarian offering will exclude prohibited items such as garlic, onion, mushroom, etc.<ref name="maha3" />
Non-vegetarian is prohibited in some of the temples. Offering of food items forms part of the upachara or services to a Hindu deity in many Hindu traditions but is not universal. The murti (icon) is revered as a living entity who is offered food, fruits, and betelnut among others.
In its material sense, prasada is created by a process of giving and receiving between a human devotee and the god. For example, a devotee makes an offering of a material substance such as flowers, fruits, or sweets. The deity then 'enjoys' or tastes a bit of the offering.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This now-divinely invested substance is called prasada and is received by the devotee to be ingested, worn, smelled, etc.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It may be the same material that was originally offered or material offered by others and then re-distributed to other devotees. In many temples, several kinds of prasada (e.g., nuts, sweets) are distributed to the devotees. Template:Citation needed
Offering food and subsequently receiving prasada is central to the practice of puja.<ref name=":0" /> Any food that is offered either physically to the image of the god or silently in prayer is considered prasada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the same time, both conceptualizarions of and practices relating to prasada vary widely, for these are closely linked to particular philosophies and regions, among other factors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In Sikhism, karah parshad is served to the congregation after prayer and reading of scripture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Parshad represents the same values as langar in that it is served indiscriminately.Template:Citation needed
Kurukshetra Prasadam (Channa laddu) in 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra, Tirupati Laddu and Mathura peda in the Braj Parikrama are geo-specialty prasada.<ref name=tir14>Chana laddoo to be ‘Kurukshetra prasadam’, The Tribune, 1 March 2020.</ref>