President of El Salvador
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox official post Template:Politics of El Salvador
The president of the Republic of El Salvador (Template:Langx)Template:Sfn is the head of state and head of government of El Salvador. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of El Salvador.
The office of president of El Salvador was created by the 1841 constitution of El Salvador. Nayib Bukele has served as President of El Salvador since 1 June 2019.
Since 1962, presidential terms are five years long. The constitution has prohibited presidential re-election for most of Salvadoran history with some exceptions during the mid 1800s. Since 1983, the constitution has permitted non-consecutive re-election once, and since 2021, the Supreme Court of Justice has interpreted the constitution as allowing immediate re-election once; presidents are only allowed to serve up to two terms.
Each 1 June, the president is accountable to the Legislative Assembly for the contributions and government development that the president, the vice president and the Council of Ministers developed from the beginning of the presidential term.
History
Origins
In 1824, the state of El Salvador drafted its first constitution which created the office of Head of State, the precursor of the presidency. When El Salvador declared independence from the Federal Republic of Central America in 1841, its new constitution created the office of President of El Salvador.Template:Sfn
In 1841, El Salvador was constituted as an independent and sovereign nation after the rupture of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1838. At that time, the legislative body created a constitution to legitimize the nation of El Salvador and also named Juan Lindo provisional president of the Republic of El Salvador on 2 February 1841. It was not until 26 September 1842 Juan José Guzmán was elected by the people as President of El Salvador. From that moment, the republic suffered a constant series of provisional governments that brought many leaders to power.Template:Citation needed Between 1841 and 1861, there were 42 presidential changes of power.Template:Sfn
In 1858, Captain General Gerardo Barrios became president in which his government gave entrance to the "French Bread". He resigned from power in 1863 and Francisco Dueñas became president.
Until 1864, presidential term lengths were 2 years. The adoption of the 1864 constitution increased presidential term lengths to 4 years.Template:Sfn From 1861 to 1899, there were 16 presidential changes of power. The average president's time in office from 1841 to 1899 was less than 1 year.Template:Sfn In 1913, before the death of Manuel Enrique Araujo, a family dynasty would begin. The Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty ended in 1927 when Pío Romero Bosque became president.
Military dictatorship
In 1931, a coup d'état led by Vice President General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew Arturo Araujo. This dictatorial government would establish the foundations of a rigid and totally militarized nation. It was not until 1939 when General Martínez called for a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution which established that the presidential term would be increased from 4 to 6 years and would begin and end on 1 January. During his presidency, Martínez initiated La Matanza which killed 25,000 indigenous peoples. Martínez would be overthrown 12 years later in 1944 and General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez became provisional president.
From that moment, the presidency once again showed dictatorial instability and military governments began to be established to the point of creating a republic with military authoritarianism which would end in 1982. In 1950, Lieutenant Colonel Óscar Osorio constitutionally became the president of the Republic and a new constitution was drafted where the presidential term would be 6 years and begin and end on 14 September. Osorio was known as the president of the social programs since he implemented and founded programs such as the Urban Housing Institute (IVU), the Autonomous Port Executive Commission (CEPA) among others that benefited the nation.
In 1960, a coup d'état overthrew President José María Lemus which led to the formation of a Junta of Government which would later be overthrown by the Civic-Military Directory in 1961. This was the case until the constitutional order was reestablished and another constitution was created in 1962 which would bring with it significant presidential reforms. From that moment, the presidential term would last 5 years and begin and end on 1 July.
On 15 October 1979, the last coup d'état in Salvadoran history took place where a group of young soldiers and officers overthrew General Carlos Humberto Romero. The coup marked the beginning of the Salvadoran Civil War which would rage on from 1979 to 1992. The Revolutionary Government Junta was established and ruled over El Salvador while fighting against the communist guerrilla group Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The Junta was abolished in 1982 and Álvaro Magaña became President of the Republic.
Current constitution
The 1983 Constituent Assembly decided to create the 1983 constitution of El Salvador which set presidential terms to 5 years and would begin and end on June 1. The civil war greatly affected the political stability of the country.
President José Napoleón Duarte would lead the government against the FMLN from 1984 to 1989. In 1989, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) won the 1989 presidential election. Alfredo Cristiani became the first president of ARENA. ARENA won the presidential elections in 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2004. Its presidents were Alfredo Cristiani, Armando Calderón Sol, Francisco Flores, and Antonio Saca.
The Civil War ended in 1992 and the FMLN became a legal political party in accordance to the Chapultepec Peace Accords.
In 20 years of government, El Salvador was characterized by the privatization of national services such as coffee, telecommunications, the pension system, the National Bank, the Electric Power Service, among others. In 2001, the Economic Dollarization System was carried out in the country, a measure adopted by then President Francisco Flores which would have great long-term consequences for the Salvadoran economy and adopted the US dollar as legal currency.
Mauricio Funes won the 2009 presidential election ending 20 years of ARENA rule and marked the first FMLN presidency. Salvador Sánchez Cerén became the second FMLN president in 2014 after narrowly defeating Norman Quijano.
In 2019, Nayib Bukele, from the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), won the 2019 presidential election ending 10 years of FMLN rule. He was the first president since Duarte to not be a member of either ARENA or FMLN. He was the second president from Palestinian descent, after Saca. He was inaugurated on 1 June 2019.
On 31 July 2025, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador approved amendments to the constitution abolishing presidential term limits, eliminating runoff voting, and increasing the presidential term's duration to six years.Template:Sfn
Selection process
Eligibility
According to the 1983 constitution and the Law of Policial Parties, a candidate for the presidency must be at least 30 years old. A candidate must also be either a Salvadoran citizen by birth or have a parent who is a Salvadoran citizen. Candidates cannot have had their rights as a citizen suspended within the 6 years prior to an election, and all candidates must be affiliated with a political party registered with the Supreme Electoral Court.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Several individuals are explicitly prohibited by constitution from seeking the office of president. Neither the president of the Legislative Assembly nor the president of the Supreme Court of Justice may run for president "during the year prior to the day the presidential term begins".Template:Sfn Cabinet ministers, vice ministers, and the directors of government institutions are also prohibited to seek the presidency under the same one year restriction, as are the vice president, anyone designated by the Legislative Assembly as a presidential designate, and the incumbent president's fourth-degree relatives.Template:Sfn Active military personnel, former military personnel who had not yet been retired for three years, and the clergy are also prohibited from seeking the presidency.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Electoral process
During the 1800s and early 1900s, very few presidential elections were free and fair and political violence was common.Template:Sfn During the 1950s, the president was elected through first-past-the-post voting, and during the 1960s and 1970s, the Legislative Assembly elected the president if no candidate received an absolute majority.Template:Sfn Since the ratification of the 1983 constitution, a presidential candidate must receive an absolute majority (50%Template:Nbsp+Template:Nbsp1) to win a presidential election; if no candidate receives an absolute majority, a second round between the two candidates with the most valid votes would be held within one month of the first round.Template:Sfn
Constitutional framework
Powers and duties
According to the 1983 constitution, the is a part of the executive branch of the Salvadoran government along with the vice president and the cabinet. The president appoints his cabinet ministers, vice ministers, and the governors of El Salvador's 14 departments (the equivalent of states or provinces).Template:Sfn The president serves as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of El Salvador and is in charge of El Salvador's foreign affairs.Template:Sfn
The president is allowed to submit legislation to the Legislative Assembly for approval. The president is also allowed to veto any legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly, but the legislature can override a veto with a two-third majority vote. The president can challenge the constitutionality of law before the Supreme Court of Justice, but if the court rules the legislation is constitution, the president is required to sign the legislation into law.Template:Sfn
Checks and balances
The Legislative Assembly exerts some checks on the president's power as provided by the constitution. The president requires the approval of the Legislative Assembly in order to leave El Salvador for any reason. The president is also required to report anything to the Legislative Assembly upon request with the exception of military secrets, as well as to address the Legislative Assembly at the start of every calendar year regarding the prior year's government affairs. The Legislative Assembly is able to impeach and remove the president with a two-thirds majority vote. The president cannot ratify international treaties without the approval of the Legislative Assembly.Template:Sfn
The length of presidential terms has varied throughout Salvadoran history. From 1841 to 1864, presidential terms lasted two years. From 1864 to 1871, presidential terms were extended to last four years. Two year terms were briefly restored from 1871 to 1872 before being reverted back to four year terms. Four-year long presidential terms remained extant (with a brief reduction to three years between 1883 and 1886) until the 1939 constitution extended presidential terms to six years. Term lengths were briefly reverted back to four years in 1946 before being extended back to six years in 1950.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn From 1962 to 2025, presidential terms have been five years long.Template:Sfn In 2025, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador approved a constitutional reform that extended presidential terms to six years; the change will go into effect following the 2027 presidential election.Template:Sfn
Re-election
For most of Salvadoran history, either immediate re-election or re-election entirely was prohibited.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The 1841 constitution allowed presidents to seek re-election after having left office for at least one full term. The 1864 constitution permitted for an incumbent president to seek re-election immediately, but the 1871 constitution restored the requirement of presidents to wait one full term before being eligible for re-election. This restoration was short-lived as the 1872 prohibited re-election entirely. This prohibition on re-election persisted until 1983;Template:EfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn the 1983 constitution prohibits individuals from seeking re-election who served as president in the six months "during the period immediately before" or for the last six months "before the beginning of the presidential term".Template:Sfn The constitution prohibits presidents from serving three or more terms.Template:Sfn The constitution mandates the country's armed forces to intervene in the country's politics if a president seeks illegal re-election.Template:Sfn
In May 2021, the Legislative Assembly removed and replaced the five justices of the Supreme Court of Justice's Constitutional Chamber. In September 2021, the new justices ruled that constitution in fact permits immediate re-election, arguing that the constitution reads that individual who served as president prior to the incumbent term was actually prohibited from seeking re-election rather than the incumbent president.Template:Sfn This interpretation of the constitution was criticized as unconstitutional by lawyers, politicians, and activists.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 31 July 2025, the Legislative Assembly abolished presidential term limits.Template:Sfn
The only six presidents in Salvadoran history have successfully been re-elected: Doroteo Vasconcelos, Francisco Dueñas, Santiago González, Rafael Zaldívar, Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, and Bukele.Template:Sfn
Succession
The vice president of El Salvador is first in the line of presidential succession according to the constitution of El Salvador. After the vice president, anyone named by the Legislative Assembly as a "designate" ("Template:Lang") succeed the vice president in the line of succession. The Legislative Assembly can appoint up to two designates.Template:Sfn
List of presidents
The following timeline visualizes the presidencies of El Salvador since 1821.Template:Sfn
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29/12/1843 till: 01/01/1844 color:Ind text:"Cayetano Molina" bar:Palacios from: 01/02/1844 till: 07/02/1844 color:Ind from: 16/02/1845 till: 25/04/1845 color:Ind from: 01/02/1846 till: 21/01/1846 color:Ind from: 12/07/1846 till: 21/07/1846 color:Ind text:"Fermín Palacios" bar:Malespin from: 07/02/1844 till: 16/02/1845 color:Con text:"Francisco Malespín" bar:JEGuzman from: 25/04/1845 till: 01/02/1846 color:Con from: 19/01/1859 till: 15/02/1859 color:Con text:"Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán" bar:Aguilar from: 21/02/1846 till: 12/07/1846 color:Lib from: 21/07/1846 till: 01/02/1848 color:Lib text:"Eugenio Aguilar" bar:Medina from: 01/02/1848 till: 03/02/1848 color:Ind text:"Tomás Medina" bar:Quiros from: 02/02/1848 till: 07/02/1848 color:Ind from: 01/03/1851 till: 03/05/1851 color:Ind text:"José Félix Quirós" bar:Vasconcelos from: 07/02/1848 till: 26/01/1850 color:Lib from: 01/02/1850 till: 12/01/1851 color:Lib text:"Doroteo Vasconcelos" bar:RRodriguez from: 26/01/1850 till: 01/02/1850 color:Ind text:"Ramón Rodríguez" bar:Duenas from: 12/01/1851 till: 01/03/1851 color:Con from: 03/05/1851 till: 30/01/1852 color:Con from: 01/02/1852 till: 01/02/1854 color:Con from: 01/02/1856 till: 12/02/1856 color:Con from: 12/05/1856 till: 19/07/1856 color:Con from: 26/10/1863 till: 12/04/1871 color:Con text:"Francisco Dueñas" bar:San_Martin from: 30/01/1852 till: 01/02/1852 color:Con from: 15/02/1854 till: 01/02/1856 color:Con text:"José María San Martín" bar:VGomez from: 01/02/1854 till: 15/02/1854 color:Ind text:"Vicente Gómez" bar:Campo from: 12/02/1856 till: 12/05/1856 color:Con from: 19/07/1856 till: 01/02/1858 color:Con text:"Rafael Campo" bar:Zepeda from: 01/02/1858 till: 07/02/1858 color:Ind text:"Lorenzo Zepeda" bar:del_Castillo from: 07/02/1858 till: 24/06/1858 color:Con from: 18/09/1858 till: 19/01/1859 color:Con text:"Miguel Santín del Castillo" bar:Barrios from: 24/06/1858 till: 18/09/1858 color:Lib from: 12/03/1859 till: 16/12/1860 color:Lib from: 07/02/1861 till: 26/10/1863 color:Lib text:"Gerardo Barrios" bar:Peralta from: 15/02/1859 till: 12/03/1859 color:Ind from: 16/12/1860 till: 07/02/1861 color:Ind text:"José María Peralta" bar:Portillo from: 12/04/1871 till: 10/05/1872 color:Lib from: 16/06/1872 till: 01/02/1876 color:Lib text:"Santiago González Portillo" bar:Mendez from: 10/05/1872 till: 16/06/1872 color:Ind text:"Manuel Méndez" bar:del_Valle from: 01/02/1876 till: 01/05/1876 color:Lib text:"Andrés del Valle" bar:Zaldivar from: 01/05/1876 till: 06/04/1884 color:Lib from: 21/08/1884 till: 14/05/1885 color:Lib text:"Rafael Zaldívar" bar:Guirola from: 06/04/1884 till: 12/08/1884 color:Ind text:"Ángel Guirola" bar:Figueroa from: 14/05/1885 till: 18/06/1885 color:Lib from: 01/03/1907 till: 01/03/1911 color:Lib text:"Fernando Figueroa" bar:Herrador from: 18/06/1885 till: 22/06/1885 color:Ind text:"José Rosales Herrador" bar:FMenendez from: 22/06/1885 till: 22/06/1890 color:Lib text:"Francisco Menéndez" bar:Ezeta from: 22/06/1890 till: 10/06/1894 color:Lib text:"Carlos Ezeta" bar:AEzeta from: 04/06/1894 till: 10/06/1894 color:Lib text:"Antonio Ezeta" bar:Gutierrez from: 10/06/1894 till: 14/11/1898 color:Lib text:"Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez" bar:Romero from: 14/11/1898 till: 01/03/1903 color:Lib text:"Tomás Regalado" bar:Escalon from: 01/03/1903 till: 01/03/1907 color:Lib text:"Pedro José Escalón" bar:MAraujo from: 01/03/1911 till: 09/02/1913 color:Lib text:"Manuel Enrique Araujo" bar:CMelendez from: 09/02/1913 till: 29/08/1914 color:Lib from: 01/03/1915 till: 21/12/1918 color:Lib text:"Carlos Meléndez Ramírez" bar:Quinonez from: 29/08/1914 till: 01/03/1915 color:Lib from: 21/12/1918 till: 01/03/1919 color:NDP from: 01/03/1923 till: 01/03/1927 color:NDP text:"Alfonso Quiñónez Molina" bar:JMelendez from: 01/03/1919 till: 01/03/1923 color:NDP text:"Jorge Meléndez Ramírez" bar:Bosque from: 01/03/1927 till: 06/09/1927 color:NDP from: 06/09/1927 till: 01/03/1931 color:Ind text:"Pío Romero Bosque" bar:EAraujo from: 01/03/1931 till: 02/12/1931 color:LP text:"Arturo Araujo" bar:Directory from: 02/12/1931 till: 04/12/1931 color:Mil text:"Civic Directory" bar:Hernandez_Martinez from: 03/12/1931 till: 28/08/1934 color:PPP from: 01/03/1935 till: 09/05/1944 color:PPP text:"Maximiliano Hernández Martínez" bar:ANMenendez from: 28/08/1934 till: 01/03/1935 color:PPP from: 09/05/1944 till: 21/10/1944 color:PPP text:"Andrés Ignacio Menéndez" bar:Aguirre_y_Salinas from: 21/10/1944 till: 01/03/1945 color:Mil text:"Osmín Aguirre y Salinas" bar:SCCastro from: 01/03/1945 till: 14/12/1948 color:USD text:"Salvador Castaneda Castro" bar:Revolutionary_Council from: 14/12/1948 till: 14/09/1950 color:Mil text:"Revolutionary Council of Government" bar:Osorio from: 14/09/1950 till: 14/09/1956 color:RPD text:"Óscar Osorio" bar:Lemus from: 14/09/1956 till: 26/10/1960 color:RPD text:"José María Lemus" bar:Junta_of_Government from: 26/10/1960 till: 25/01/1961 color:Mil text:"Junta of Government" bar:Civic-Military_Directory from: 25/01/1961 till: 25/01/1962 color:Mil text:"Civic-Military Directory" bar:Cordon_Cea from: 25/01/1962 till: 01/07/1962 color:Ind text:"Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea" bar:Rivera_Carballo from: 01/07/1962 till: 01/07/1967 color:PCN text:"Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo" bar:Sanchez_Hernandez from: 01/07/1967 till: 01/07/1972 color:PCN text:"Fidel Sánchez Hernández" bar:Armando_Molina from: 01/07/1972 till: 01/07/1977 color:PCN text:"Arturo Armando Molina" bar:Humberto_Romero from: 01/07/1977 till: 15/10/1979 color:PCN text:"Carlos Humberto Romero" bar:Revolutionary_Government_Junta from: 15/10/1979 till: 02/05/1982 color:Mil text:"Revolutionary Government Junta" bar:Magana from: 02/05/1982 till: 01/06/1984 color:AD text:"Álvaro Magaña" bar:Duarte from: 01/06/1984 till: 01/06/1989 color:PDC text:"José Napoleón Duarte" bar:Cristiani from: 01/06/1989 till: 01/06/1994 color:Arena text:"Alfredo Cristiani" bar:Calderon_Sol from: 01/06/1994 till: 01/06/1999 color:Arena text:"Armando Calderón Sol" bar:Flores_Perez from: 01/06/1999 till: 01/06/2004 color:Arena text:"Francisco Flores Pérez" bar:Saca from: 01/06/2004 till: 01/06/2009 color:Arena text:"Antonio Saca" bar:Funes from: 01/06/2009 till: 01/06/2014 color:FMLN text:"Mauricio Funes" bar:Sanchez_Ceren from: 01/06/2014 till: 01/06/2019 color:FMLN text:"Salvador Sánchez Cerén" bar:Bukele from: 01/06/2019 till: 25/06/2023 color:GANA from: 25/06/2023 till: $now color:NI text:"Nayib Bukele" bar:Rodriguez_de_Guevara from: 01/12/2023 till: 01/06/2024 color:NI text:"Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara"
</timeline>
Living former presidents
Latest election
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Books
Web sources
- Template:Cite web
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External links
- Template:URL, the official presidential website Template:In lang
Template:Portal bar Template:Heads of state of El Salvador Template:El Salvador topics Template:Heads of state and government of North America Template:Heads of State in Central America Template:Authority control