Progressive metal
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Progressive metal (often shortened to prog metal) is a broad fusion music genre melding heavy metal and progressive rock, combining the loud aggression<ref name="allmusic">Template:Cite web</ref> and amplified distorted guitar-driven sound of the former with the more experimental, cerebral or quasi-classical compositions of the latter.
The music typically showcases the extreme technical proficiency of the performers and usually uses unorthodox harmonies as well as complex rhythms with frequent meter changes and intense syncopation. The polyrhythmic aspects are especially emphasized in the djent subgenre.<ref name=allmusic/>
Although the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved widespread success.<ref name=allmusic/> Dream Theater, Watchtower,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Queensrÿche, Tool, Symphony X,<ref name=allmusictool>AllMusic. Tool. Retrieved on February 11, 2013.</ref> Shadow Gallery, King's X, Fates Warning, and Mastodon are a few examples of progressive metal bands who achieved commercial success.
History
Progressive metal, as a distinct musical style, was primarily advanced by members of the American heavy metal scene of the mid-1980s, particularly Queensrÿche, Savatage, Fates Warning, Watchtower and then later on, Dream Theater and Symphony X. It has since developed in a non-linear fashion, with countless groups demonstrating innovations in personal ways.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The origins of the genre date back to the very beginning of heavy metal/hard rock and progressive rock when some bands began to merge the two different approaches. 1960s pioneers King Crimson maintained their musical innovation while incorporating a harder approach, using dissonance and experimental tones, yet still maintaining a relationship to the power chords of hard rock, with the main example being "21st Century Schizoid Man".Template:Sfn Canadian trio Rush is widely recognized as bridging the gap between hard rock, English progressive rock, and pure heavy metal. Initially influenced by Led Zeppelin, they evolved to combine established progressive rock technique with blues-based power chords. Records such as 2112 (1976) showcased technical expertise and complex compositional skill while still utilizing a more direct and heavier approach than the well-established English progressive rock sound.Template:Sfn
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1984 brought full-length debut albums from American bands QueensrÿcheTemplate:Sfn from Washington state, and Fates WarningTemplate:Sfn from Connecticut. Both expanded their music to include more progressive elements (The Warning, 1984; The Spectre Within, 1985) – some through sound experimentation and compositional refinement, others through extremely complex structures and atypical riffs – up to the two seminal works in 1986: Rage for Order and Awaken the Guardian.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the following years the two bands, while following different paths – more basic and simple the first, more articulate and complex the latter — explore and expand the technical refinement and sonic finesse of their music, continuing to lay the foundations of the genre with important works such as Operation: Mindcrime (1988) by Queensrÿche,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Perfect Symmetry (1989) by Fates Warning.<ref>Spencer, Trey (June 30, 2008). "Review: Fates Warning - Perfect Symmetry". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved March 20, 2015.</ref>
Progressive metal also found a home in the growing U.S. thrash metal movement, and many bands of the genre released albums that drew elements and influences of progressive music, including the "Big Four" of thrash metal — Metallica (Ride the Lightning, 1984; Master of Puppets, 1986; ...And Justice for All, 1988),Template:Sfn Slayer (Hell Awaits, 1985),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Anthrax (Persistence of Time, 1990),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Megadeth (Rust in Peace, 1990).Template:Sfn Bands that took a technical and progressive approach similar to the "Big Four" were Toxik (World Circus, 1987; Think This, 1989),Template:Sfn Overkill (The Years of Decay, 1989),<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Dark Angel (Leave Scars, 1989; Time Does Not Heal, 1991),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Bay Area thrash metal bands Forbidden (Twisted into Form, 1990),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Heathen (Victims of Deception, 1991),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and, on some of their late 1980s and 1990s output, Testament.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One of the most notable thrash metal bands outside of the U.S. is Canada's Voivod, with their complex and experimental style, full of psychedelic dissonances (Dimension Hatröss, 1988; Nothingface, 1989).Template:Sfn "Math-metal" pioneers Watchtower, from Texas, took the concept of time-changes to a new level, combining thrash metal, syncopation and prog in their albums Energetic Disassembly (1985)Template:Sfn and Control and Resistance (1989), giving rise to an extremely technical approach based on the rhythmic deconstruction typical in jazz fusion.Template:Sfn This same direction in prog metal would be later integrated into death metal by bands such as Atheist (Unquestionable Presence, 1991),Template:Sfn which would become known as technical death metal or progressive death metal. Bands which also explored fusion-inspired prog metal include most notably Death and Cynic.Template:Sfn
The major US bands that contribute to further delineating and developing the genre are Psychotic Waltz and Dream Theater. The former, with an approach halfway in between Watchtower and Fates Warning, produced A Social Grace (1990), melding their signature sound with the psychedelic Into the Everflow (1992),Template:Sfn while the latter explored the legacy of the bands that preceded them while advancing their personal style with When Dream and Day Unite (1989). Both albums focused on keyboards and band members' instrumental skills. As for Dream Theater, their efforts resulted in two fundamental albums, which helped institutionalize classic progressive metal — Images and Words (1992) and Awake (1994).Template:Sfn King's X, who emerged from a Christian rock background, incorporated their sound with influences of hard rock, metal, progressive rock, funk, soul and bands from The Beatles to U2 on their early albums — particularly their first three albums, Out of the Silent Planet (1988), Gretchen Goes to Nebraska (1989) and Faith Hope Love (1990) — before leaning more towards an alternative and grunge-inspired hard rock sound on their later output, including the highly-successful Dogman (1994).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other hard rock bands from this era that experimented with influences of progressive music into their sound include Europe,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Cult,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Winger,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Living Colour,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mr. Big,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Extreme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Among European pioneers of the genre are Germany's Sieges Even, who, starting out of technical thrash stylistically significant to Watchtower, explored the more technical and angular side of progressive metal with The Art of Navigating by the Stars (2005).Template:Sfn Swiss band Coroner, formed by roadies of Celtic Frost, have also been credited as pioneers of the style of technical thrash metal. They released a string of influential albums through the late 1980s and early 1990s, including Punishment for Decadence (1988), No More Color (1989) and Mental Vortex (1991), the latter two "etched Coroner's name onto the walls of the progressive metal hall of fame."Template:Sfn
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Among the bands of the late 1990s who brought innovation to the genre are the Dutch Ayreon (a project by Arjen Anthony Lucassen) and Swedes Pain of Salvation. Ayreon focused on theatrical and melodramatic rock operas Into the Electric Castle (1998) and The Human Equation (2004), performed by many different members of prominent metal bands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pain of Salvation was always working towards a more or less unusual style, demonstrated by the eclecticism and anti-conformism found on One Hour by the Concrete Lake (1998), and BE (2004).Template:Sfn Forerunners of a more experimental and alternative approach include Thought Industry, as seen in their album Mods Carve the Pig: Assassins, Toads and God's Flesh (1993).<ref name="sputnik">Template:Cite web</ref>
Puerto Rican band Puya rose to prominence in the late 1990s with their innovative fusion of jazz, salsa, and progressive metal, evident on their 1999 album Fundamental.<ref name="bouley">Template:Cite book</ref>
Some of the first bands to pioneer the combination of progressive rock and extreme metal influences were Dan Swanö's Edge of Sanity, and Opeth,Template:Citation needed both bands hailing from Sweden. In particular, Edge of Sanity's Crimson (1996), a 40-minute concept album consisting of a single track, brought the band critical acclaim and was heralded as one of the first extreme-metal forays into a progressive rock-esque concept album,Template:Citation needed featuring death-metal vocals and heavily distorted guitars, with guest vocals and lead guitar from Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt. Dan Swanö produced Opeth's first release, Orchid (1995), which was unique for its combination of death metal vocals and instrumentation, melodic guitar harmonies, and acoustic passages, but it wasn't until their hallmark record Blackwater Park (2001) that they received critical acclaim. Steven Wilson, progressive rock icon and frontman of Porcupine Tree, was given a copy of Opeth's prior record Still Life (1999) from a friend, and, after listening, noted that the experimental music he had been after had drifted into extreme metal. Being mutual fans of each other's work, Steven ended up co-producing Blackwater Park along with Opeth's frontman Mikael Åkerfeldt, and would go on to co-produce Deliverance (2002) and Damnation (2003), together a would-be double album.Template:Citation needed Their next release, Ghost Reveries, became an "instant classic," followed by Watershed, their last "heavy" album, both of which have had significant influence on the progressive metal genre,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> along with other "extreme metal" bands like Meshuggah. This style of progressive metal is often referred to as "extreme progressive metal," or "extreme prog," for short.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Later bands who would play in this style are Ne Obliviscaris, Disillusion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Porcupine Tree would later be influenced by this style, and in particular from Opeth, while Opeth would subsequently switch to a more traditional progressive metal/rock band, devoid of extreme metal elements.<ref name=":0" />
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Between the Buried and Me, who started as a more straightforward metalcore band, also began to incorporate both progressive metal and death metal into their music on their 2003 album The Silent Circus, a landmark album in the progressive metalcore genre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They would later add avant-garde elements as well on releases such as The Great Misdirect (2009).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 2010s, due to the rapid growth of djent led by bands such as Periphery and After the Burial,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> progressive metal saw an increased interest with a large number of newcomers to the genre. Some of the newer progressive metal bands that have gained popularity since the 2010s are Haken, Plini, Vola, and Caligula's Horse, among others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Stylistic diversity
One of the hallmark musical qualities of progressive metal is eclecticism. In between the riffs, choruses, and solos typical of rock and metal songs, prog metal bands often include sections inspired by jazz, classical and Middle Eastern music, among others. Progressive metal is difficult to define specifically, since most bands labeled under the genre have considerably different musical influences when compared to each other.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Similarly, bands such as Dream Theater, Planet X and Puya<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> have a jazz influence, with extended solo sections that often feature "trading solos".
Orphaned Land from Israel debuted as a melodic death-doom/melodic death metal band that fused middle eastern rhythms and melodies into their music with a progressive edge. The band knew they wanted to create a new subgenre of metal from the very beginning, a style they would dub "oriental metal," and were always viewed as progressive due to the nature of the middle eastern elements of their music, which is known for using time signatures that are uncommon in the west, expansive song structures, and microtones. As their career developed, they would later play in a more traditional progressive metal style, comparable to Opeth, Symphony X, and the like, while maintaining their "oriental" edge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="kobi2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="landnobel">Template:Cite web</ref> Steven Wilson, who lived in Israel for some time playing in Blackfield, found Ophaned Land to be "something special" after listening to Mabool and, would end up producing and engineering The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
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In the late 2000s, bands such as Periphery, Tesseract, Animals as Leaders and Vildhjarta popularized the "djent" style of progressive metal in a sound originally developed by Meshuggah. It is characterized by high-attack, palm-muted, syncopated riffs (often incorporating polymeters), as well as use of extended-range guitars.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Extended-range guitars also feature in other forms of progressive metal; artists including Dream Theater, Devin Townsend, Dir En Grey, and Ne Obliviscaris have used seven-string guitars without being part of the djent movement, Dream Theater having been one of the earliest progressive metal bands to incorporate seven-stringed guitars into their music.Template:Citation needed
Proyecto Eskhata, a Spanish band, has received much press coverage in Spain for its fusion of progressive rock and rap metal, which journalists have described as "progressive rap metal".<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements of progressive metal and doom metal.<ref name="loudersound.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Bands include King Goat,<ref name="loudersound.com"/> Below the Sun,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sierra,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Oceans of Slumber.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
See also
References
References
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