Pruszków
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}}Template:Main other{{#ifexpr:{{#invoke:ParameterCount|main|mapframe|image_map|image_map1|pushpin_map}} >2 |Template:Main other}} Pruszków Template:IPAc-pl is a city in east-central Poland, capital of Pruszków County in the Masovian Voivodeship.Template:TERYT Pruszków is located along the western edge of the Warsaw metropolitan area.
Pruszków is the largest city in the Warsaw metropolitan area outside Warsaw. Since the 19th century it has developed as an industrial centre located on an important railway line. In the 1990s and 2000s the city was synonymous with the "Pruszków gang", one of two major organised crime groups in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is known for the country's chief indoor velodrome and the Dulag 121 Museum at the former Nazi German camp for Poles expelled from Warsaw.
History
Early history
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Pruszków was incorporated as a town in 1916 during World War I, although the village was first mentioned in chronicles in the 15th century. Within the Kingdom of Poland, it was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. The development of the town was aided by the construction of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway in the 19th century and the construction of the Elektryczna Kolej Dojazdowa (now Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa), Poland's first electrified commuter train line, in 1927. In the late 19th century, industry developed intensively in Pruszków. There were needles, porcelain, faience, and soap factories in Pruszków.<ref name=sgk>Template:Cite book</ref> A large psychiatric hospital opened in the outlying village of Tworki in 1891 and is still operating to this day.<ref name="note">Tworki is an administrative part of Pruszków today</ref>
During World War I, a battle between German and Russian forces took place in Pruszków on 12–18 October 1914 (part of Battle of the Vistula River). Despite the initial success of the German forces on 12 October, they were push-backed out of town after successful Russian counter-attack on 14th. An intense artillery fire by both sides caused severe damages to many buildings in Pruszków including train station, power plant, and two churches. In August 1915 Pruszków was taken by the German forces without a fight.
Within interwar Poland, it was administratively located in the Warsaw County in the Warsaw Voivodeship. According to the 1921 census, the population was 94.2% Polish and 5.6% Jewish.<ref name=gus/>
World War II
The city was occupied by Germany following the German–Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939. On 14 December 1939, the Germans murdered 46 Poles from Pruszków during the large Palmiry massacre.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Before the invasion, the city had a large Jewish population. In 1940, the German occupation authorities established a Jewish ghetto in Pruszków, in order to confine its Jewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation.<ref name="holocaustchronicle">"The War Against The Jews." The Holocaust Chronicle, 2009. Chicago, Il. Accessed 21 June 2011.</ref> The ghetto was liquidated on 31 January 1941, when all its 1,400<ref name="statistics">The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Template:Webarchive by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews Template:In lang, as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, Template:In lang and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm Template:In lang. Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref>–3,000 inhabitants were transported in cattle trucks to Warsaw Ghetto, the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of Template:Convert. From there, most victims were sent to Treblinka extermination camp.<ref name="ushmm-5069">Warsaw Ghetto, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C.</ref><ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust, University Press of Kentucky 1989 – 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986, Google Print, p.13.</ref><ref name=GSP-JHEd>Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," Journal of Holocaust Education, Vol.7, Nos.1&2, 1998, pp.19-44. Published by Frank Cass, London.</ref><ref name="ushmm-7445">Edward Victor, "Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities." Template:Webarchive Judaica Philatelic. Accessed 20 June 2011.</ref>
During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Nazis created the large Durchgangslager 121 (Dulag 121) transit camp in Pruszków on the site of the Train Repair Shops (Zakłady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego) to intern the evacuees expelled from the capital. Around 550,000 Warsaw residents and approximately 100,000 more from its outskirts were incarcerated in the camp. The SS and Gestapo segregated the Poles, who were then either deported to forced labour in Germany, sent to Nazi concentration camps, or expelled to more southern locations of German-occupied Poland.<ref name=dul>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Approximately 650,000 Poles passed through the Pruszków camp in August, September and October 1944. Approximately 55,000 were sent to concentration camps, including 13,500 to Auschwitz, 12,000 to Ravensbrück and 8,700 to Mauthausen.<ref name=dul/> They included people from a variety of social classes and occupations (government officials, scholars, artists, physicians, merchants, and blue-collar workers), in varying physical conditions (the injured, the sick, invalids, and pregnant women), and of various ages from infants only a few weeks old to the elderly, aged 86 or more. In a few cases, these were also people of different ethnic backgrounds including Jews living on "Aryan papers."<ref name="auschwitz">Księga Pamięci. Transporty Polaków z Warszawy do KL Auschwitz 1940-1944 (Memorial Book: Transports of Poles from Warsaw to Auschwitz Concentration Camp 1940-1944. Template:Webarchive Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. On the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising. Accessed 13 July 2011.</ref> The Germans murdered several Polish Catholic monks and nuns in the camp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following the Soviet westward offensive, on 26 March 1945, the 16 members of the Polish Underground Government were invited by the Russians for talks, to a house in Pruszków on Armii Krajowej Street. They were captured by the Soviet NKVD agents, transported to USSR, imprisoned, tortured and sentenced in Moscow during the so-called Trial of the Sixteen.
Post-war Poland
Template:Multiple image After World War II, Pruszków became one of Masovia's largest industrial centers. It was previously in Warszawa Voivodeship (1975–1998). Due to its proximity to Warsaw, it is now home to several factories and companies, including Herbapol, Daewoo Electronics, L'Oréal Cosmetics as well as logistic centers. It is also an important sports center, with a sports gymnasium, soccer stadium and a cycling course.
Crime
The most well known of the Polish organised crime groups in the 1990s was the so-called "Pruszków gang" and their arch-nemesis' the "Wołomin gang",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Ref label with whom they fought bloody turf wars.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eventually the groups were finally crushed by the Polish police in cooperation with the German police in a spectacular raid on the A2 motorway between Konin and Poznań in September 2011.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Population
Template:Historical populations
Sports
The city's local football team is Znicz Pruszków. It plays in the second division since 2023 where they previously competed between 2007-2010 and 2016-2017. Robert Lewandowski played for Znicz from 2006 to 2008, whereas Pruszków-born Jacek Gmoch and Radosław Majewski also played in Znicz: Gmoch from 1953 to 1958, Majewski from 2002 to 2006.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city has two professional basketball teams: women's Template:Ill and the basketball section of the football club, men's Znicz Basket Pruszków.
The Pruszków Arena is a modern indoor velodrome.
Buildings and structures
256 metres tall chimney of former "Pruszków II Power Plant", now used as radio tower.
Education
- Physical Culture and Tourism High School (Wyższa Szkoła Kultury Fizycznej i Turystyki)
Notable people
- Leszek Cichy (born 1951), mountaineer and high-altitude climber
- Jacek Gmoch (born 1939), footballer and football manager
- Ałbena Grabowska (born 1971), writer, neurologist
- Bronisław Komorowski (born 1952), former President of Poland, spent part of his childhood in Pruszków
- Jan Lechoń (1899–1956), poet, spent part of his childhood in Pruszków
- Radosław Majewski (born 1986), footballer
- Konrad Morawski (1913–1985), television and theatre actor