Pseudo-anglicism

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.Template:Sfn<ref>Ilse Sørensen, English im deutschen Wortschatz, 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".<ref>Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335</ref>

This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning; in some cases, pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.<ref>Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015</ref>

Definition and terminology

Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,Template:Sfn false anglicisms,Template:Sfn or pseudo-English.Template:Sfn

Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".Template:Sfn

Typology and mechanism

Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used to mean something different than its English meaning; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.Template:Sfn

Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.Template:Sfn

According to Filipović, pseudo-anglicisms can be formed through compounding, suffixation, or ellipsis. For example, the Serbo-Croatian word Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn was created from the English word goal, which the word man was added to. Alternatively, suffixes such as Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn may be added to an English word to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn. Ellipsis may also occur, wherein a component of an English word is dropped, such as the suffix -ing; examples include Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn from boxing, or Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn from happy ending.Template:Sfn

Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].Template:Sfn

Scope

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.Template:Sfn

The equivalent of pseudo-anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.

Examples

Many languages

Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",<ref>Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak..., 2, in Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 32, 1986, p. 831</ref> often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:<ref>e.g., Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής s.v. σμόκιν</ref>

  • autostop – hitchhiking in French,<ref name="collins"/> Italian,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,<ref name="babiniotis">Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, 1998, s.v.</ref> Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Romanian, Hungarian, etc.<ref name="gorlach"/>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russian ке́мпинг,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Czech and Polish kemping,<ref>'PONS Online Dictionary</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Spanish, etc.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> French,<ref name="collins"/> Czech, Portuguese,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> German,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Italian,<ref name="paravia">Template:Cite book</ref> Dutch, Greek σμόκιν,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Russian, etc.<ref name="gorlach">Gorlach, 2001, s.v.</ref>

Korean

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further

  • one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; [sɯ.kʰin.ɕip̚])<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Romance

French

French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.<ref name="thog"/>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="collins-usage">Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v. (usage note)</ref>

Italian

  • autogrill (Template:IPA)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)

  • beauty farm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Template:IPA) – spa

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> – notebook

  • jolly – the joker in a pack of cards<ref name="anderson"/><ref>Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005</ref>
  • pullman – a bus<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Portuguese

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Germanic

Danish

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  • butterfly – bow tie<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • cottoncoat – trench coat<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • speedmarker – a felt-tip pen<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dutch

  • beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

  • box – a playpen<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> or a music speaker

German

Template:See also German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).<ref name="duden.de">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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  • Bodybag – a messenger bag
  • Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.Template:Sfn)
  • Flipper – a pinball machine<ref name="german.yabla.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee<ref name="anderson" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Handy – a mobile phone<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Oldtimer – an antique car<ref name="anderson"/>
  • Shooting – a photoshoot<ref name="german.yabla.com"/>
  • trampen (verb) – hitchhiking<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • mobbing – bullying

More examples:<ref>Falsche Freunde, false friends – Englisch englisch-hilfen.de, see bottom section Pseudoanglizismen im Deutschen.</ref>

Norwegian

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  • sixpence – Flat cap<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Swedish

  • after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • backslick – a wet, combed-back hair style<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • mail – e‐mail<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • pocket – a paper-back book<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • speaker – an announcer (such as at sporting events)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Slavic

Serbian

Polish

  • dres – tracksuit;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> sometimes also short for dresiarz (chav, gopnik)

Russian

  • Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> – airsoft

Austronesian

Malaysian Malay

  • action – boast; boastful<ref name="Johari">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • best – good<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • cable – personal connection or insider<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="Roslan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • power – great<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/>
  • sound – scold<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/>
  • spender – undergarment for lower body e.g. briefs and panties<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/><ref name="Roslan"/>
  • terror – great<ref name="Roslan"/>

Indonesian

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  • magic com – multifunctional rice cooker<ref name="Raissa Yulianti">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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  • travel – inter-regional minibus service <ref name="Panji Prayitno">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • win-win solution – win-win situation; win-win conflict resolution <ref name="Ayu Ma'as">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other languages

Maltese

  • goaler – goalkeeper<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Template:Refbegin

  • James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
  • Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
  • Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
  • Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’ Template:Webarchive, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). Template:ISBN.

Template:Refend

ru:Псевдоанглицизм

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