Public humiliation
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Public humiliation or public shaming is a form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person, usually an offender or a prisoner, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of judicially sanctioned punishment in previous centuries, and is still practiced by different means (e.g. schools) in the modern era.
In the United States, it was a common punishment from the beginning of European colonization through the 19th century. It fell out of common use in the 20th century, though it has seen a revival starting in the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With the rise of social media, public shaming moved to the digital sphere, exposing and humiliating people daily, sometimes without their knowledge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Shameful exposure
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Public humiliation exists in many forms. In general, a criminal sentenced to one of many forms of this punishment could expect themselves be placed (restrained) in a central, public, or open location so that their fellow citizens could easily witness the sentence and, in some cases, participate as a form of "mob justice".<ref name="Frevert_2020_book">Template:Cite book</ref>
Just like painful forms of corporal punishment, it has parallels in educational and other rather private punishments (but with some audience), in school or domestic disciplinary context, and as a rite of passage. Physical forms include being forced to wear some sign such as "donkey ears" (simulated in paper, as a sign one is—or at least behaved—proverbially stupid), wearing a dunce cap, having to stand, kneel or bend over in a corner, or repeatedly write something on a blackboard ("I will not spread rumors", for example). Here different levels of physical discomfort can be added, such as having to hold heavy objects, or kneeling on an uneven surface. Like physical punishment and harsh hazing, these have become controversial in most modern societies, in many cases leading to legal restrictions and/or (sometimes voluntary) abolishment.Template:Citation needed
Head shaving can be a humiliating punishment prescribed in law,<ref>"Article 87 ... shall be sentenced to flogging, having his head shaven, and one year of exile..." Template:Webarchive, Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran</ref> but also something done as "mob justice"—a stark example of which was the thousands of European women who had their heads shaved in front of cheering crowds in the wake of World War II,<ref name="GuardianShaving">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ShornWomen">Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France, Template:ISBN</ref> as punishment for associating with occupying Nazis during the war. Public shaving was applied to (true or alleged) collaborators after the Allied liberated occupied territories from the Nazi troops.<ref name=GuardianShaving /><ref name=ShornWomen />
Further means of public humiliation and degradation consist in forcing people to wear typifying clothes, which can be penitential garb or prison uniforms.<ref name="HolocaustEncyclopedia">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Vinciguerra_2000">Template:Cite news</ref> Forcing arrestees or prisoners to wear restraints (such as handcuffs or shackles) may also increase public humiliation. In countries such as Japan, France, and South Korea,<ref name="Ordo_2022">Template:Cite news</ref> handcuffs on arrested persons are blurred in media broadcasts and hidden wherever possible to prevent feelings of "personal shame" in the accused and to make the public more likely to maintain a presumption of innocence before trial.Template:Citation needed
Forcing people to go barefoot has been used as a more subtle form of humiliation in past and present cultures. The exposure of bare feet has served as an indicator for imprisonment and slavery throughout ancient and modern history.<ref name="WCG">Template:Cite web</ref> Even today prisoners officially have to go barefoot in many countries of the world and are also presented in court and in public unshod.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Corporal punishment
Template:More citations needed Apart from specific methods essentially aiming at humiliation, several methods combine pain and humiliation or even death and humiliation. In some cases, the pain—or at least discomfort—is insignificant or rather secondary to the humiliation.<ref name="Rodogno_2009">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Perlin_Weinstein_2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Vellaram_2019">Template:Cite news</ref>
Public punishment
The simplest is to administer painful corporal punishment in public - the major aim may be deterrence of potential offenders - so the public will witness the perpetrator's fear and agony. This can either take place in a town square or other public gathering location such as a school, or take the form of a procession through the streets. This was not uncommon in the sentences to Staupenschlag (flagellation by whipping or birching, generally on the bare buttocks)<ref name="Scott2013">Template:Cite book</ref> in various European states, up into the 19th century.<ref name="Frevert_2021">Template:Cite journal</ref> A naval equivalent was Flogging round the fleet on a raft taken from ship to ship for consecutive installments of a great total of lashes.<ref name="SMG_Cat">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Horan_1950">Template:Cite news</ref> In some countries, the punishment of foot whipping is executed in public to this day.<ref name="UN_Convention_Against_Torture_2013">Template:Cite web</ref>
Torture marks
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The humiliation can be extended; intentionally or not; by leaving visible marks, such as scars. This can even be the main intention of the punishment, as in the case of scarifications, such as human branding.<ref name="Patra2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> Other examples of physical torture or modification used as public humiliation throughout history include ear cropping (starting in ancient Assyrian law and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and extending into the 1800s in parts of the US)<ref name="Corlew 1990 p. ">Template:Cite book</ref> and tarring and feathering.<ref name="Sieber_2021">Template:Cite news</ref>
Psychological effects
Template:Main Public shaming can result in negative psychological effects and devastating consequences, regardless of the punishment being justifiable or not. It could cause depression, suicidal thoughts and other severe mental problems. The humiliated individuals may develop a variety of symptoms including apathy, paranoia, anxiety, PTSD, or others. The rage and fury may arise in the persecuted individual, themselves lashing out against innocent victims, as they seek revenge or as a means of release.Template:Citation needed
Historical examples
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- Crucifixion was used by the Romans to add public humiliation to a death penalty. Josephus describes how the Roman soldiers would crucify people naked, and using different tortuous positions as a way to further humiliate them. Crucified bodies were left to decay on the cross for weeks, and crows would come to feed on the corpses; this can be seen as post-mortem public humiliation. See also gibbeting.Template:Citation needed
- The punishment of public humiliation has taken many forms, ranging from an offender being forced to relate his crime, to the wearing of conspicuous clothing or jewelry (such as an oversized rosary (Template:Langx, "stones of shame") for someone late to church). The offender could alternatively be sentenced to remain exposed in a specific exposed place, in a restraining device such as a yoke or public stocks.Template:Citation needed
- In the Low Countries, the Template:Lang ("Chair of shame"), the Template:Lang or Template:Lang ("pole of shame", a simple type of pillory), the Template:Lang were customary for adulteresses, and the Template:Lang, a scaffolding from which one is kicked off to land in mud and dirt.Template:Citation needed
- In the more extreme cases, being subjected to verbal and physical abuse from the crowd could have serious consequences, especially when the hands were bound, preventing self-protection. Some sentences actually prescribed additional humiliation, such as shaving, or would combine it with painful corporal punishments, see below.<ref name="williamsburg">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- In colonial America, common forms of public humiliation were the stocks and pillory, imported from Europe. Nearly every sizable town had such instruments of public humiliation, usually at the town square. In pre-Tokugawa Japan, adulterers were publicly exposed purely to shame them.Template:Citation needed
- In Liberia, boy soldiers stripped civilian women to humiliate them; this was described with the verb phrase "to naked someone else."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In Siam, an adulteress was paraded with a hibiscus behind the ear. Thieves were tattooed on their faces. Other criminals were paraded with a device made of woven cane on the forehead, or lengths of bamboo hung around the neck. Errant Brahmans had to wear a string of oversize beads.Template:Citation needed
- Send under the yoke was used in ancient Italy.Template:Citation needed
- Some have considered sex offender registries in the United States to be a form of public humiliation as judicial punishment.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A convicted sex offender's placement on the sex offender registry is public via a state-run website in all 50 states.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2018, a judge in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado declared Colorado's sex offender scheme as unconstitutional, citing cruel and unusual punishment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit overturned that decision.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan, circa 1860.
See also
References
Further reading
- So You've Been Publicly Shamed, a 2015 book by Jon Ronson on the modern phenomenon of online public shaming on Twitter, Tumblr, and elsewhere on social media.